The Fall of the Roman Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Fall of the Roman Republic - Essay Example According to Polybius, a Greek aristocrat born in Achaea but banished to Rome, and source of the historical account in that city in the second century especially where the elites are concerned, the nobility of Rome put the greatest premium on courage. Although courage was as important is all other states as well, this was the most true in the Roman aristocracy value system. The emphasis on courage was illustrated most especially during the funeral rites of the deceased in which their acts of bravery would be eulogized. According to Polybius, a kin of the deceased would wear his mask, and some other men would wear masks of all the dead ancestors of the deceased. The relative wearing the mask of the deceased, dressed in robes preceded each by the symbol of the particular ancestor, would then deliver a speech glorifying his achievements, after which eulogies for each of the deceased ancestors would follow. These after-death honors given to deceased and his ancestors served to inspire th e young men in doing their best in their endeavors so as to earn the same honor in their deaths.

Communication Skills Required For Holistic Nursing Care Nursing Essay

Communication Skills Required For Holistic Nursing Care Nursing Essay The communication skills required for holistic nursing care of patients in adult nursing. The American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA) defines holistic nursing as all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal. Holistic nursing recognises that there is a connection between a persons mind, environment, culture, emotions and body. holistic nursing is not necessarily something that you do; it is an attitude, a philosophy and a way of being. American Holistic Nurses Association 1998. The Oxford online dictionary defines the word holistic as: medicine characterized by the treatment of the whole person, taking into account mental and social factors, rather than just the symptoms of a disease. Oxford Dictionary online 2010. There are two types of communication, verbal and non-verbal. Communication is the exchange of information, verbally or non-verbally. The Oxford dictionary defines the word communication as: the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Oxford Dictionary online 2010. verbal communication is speaking face to face to someone using words, sounds, speech and language. Verbal communication is separated into two types, public speaking and interpersonal communication. There are over 3000 languages spoken in the world and verbal communication is based largely on these as well as class, profession, age and social factors. some sources suggest that written communication is verbal as well as non-verbal. Non-verbal communication is email, letters, databases, social networking sites, text messaging as well as body language. Body language is an important means of communication, it includes gestures, eye contact, expressions and posture. How we communicate non-verbally is extremely important and sends strong messages as to whether you care and to what extent you are listening. We communicate this way by how we sit, the tone and pace of how we talk, how much personal space we use and the eye contact we make. There are five roles in non-verbal communication: Repetition the message we send can repeat the verbal message. Contradiction the message we send can contradict the verbal message. Substitution the message we send can be substituted by our body language. Complementing this adds to the verbal message e.g. a hug or a pat on the back. Accenting this underlines the message e.g. punching a wall or slamming a door. There are many barriers with communication such as: learning disabilities languages blindness/ deafness gender culture age professionalism the ability to digest information and bad news lost or incomplete records Language differences pose a large barrier in effective communication for nurses, although the option for a translator is often accessible, although it may not be readily at hand. There are also regional dialects that present barriers, for example, different regions refer to bodily parts and functions differently. Such as to pass urine may be commonly known as having a wee, taking a pee etc. Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011 Maintaining eye contact with someone who is blind or from a religion that doesnt allow this may also be a significant barrier. To overcome this you would need to ensure that the rest of your body language was correct and consistent. Asking questions that are open ended or asking the patient to repeat the question back would be the best way to ensure that the patient has clearly understood you and what information you are relaying to them. Another barrier may be if a patient had a learning disability and required a parent, guardian or advocate present. You need to ensure that you fully understand the disability your patient had and to what effect certain gestures may have, for example, eye contact with an autistic patient may be deemed aggressive. This is where a nurse needs to assess a patients holistic (or whole) needs, and what brings them to their care. A patient may have only been admitted with a knee injury but how was that injury sustained? This is were holistic nursing care is most important. A knee injury may not be a one off incident, it may be through lifestyle choices, e.g. are they sports fanatics, regular walkers etc. For a nurse to just assess that patients knee injury on face value may lead to the patient being readmitted with the same injury. Again, asking questions that require more than just a yes or no answer, these are called open questions, or asking the patient to non-verbally communicate how they sustained their illness or injury by filling out a questionnaire. The Nursing Times 2007 says that communicating correctly is a basic yet fundamental requirement of good nursing and the breakdown of communication can quickly ruin the already delicate nurse/patient relationship. Other barriers in nurse/patient communication is that nurses are often pushed for time, facing targets, have a lack of privacy or lack of training. This can often make holistic nursing impossible. The communication skills required for holistic nursing (given the correct conditions) are: having the correct patient information. Observe a patients body language. Maintain eye contact where possible. Listen properly. Avoid difficult to understand medical terminology. Be emotionally prepared. Be honest, empathise and show compassion. There has been extensive research into effective communication with patients Dougherty and Lister 2007 highlighted the importance of providing patients with the correct information, communicated in the correct way aided the patient to a quicker recovery. An article in the Nursing Times 2007 by Hamilton. S.J et al highlights a framework of communication skills effective in holistic nursing called the five Is. INTERACT with the patient. Establish the INTENTION of the interaction. Decide on the INTERVENTION to be used. Assess the IMPACT of the interventions. Evaluate the IMPLICATIONS of the subsequent information obtained and act accordingly. In order to get the patient to express their fears and anxieties a nurse needs to display strong and confident non-verbal communication skills and talk to the patient not at them, seeking as much information as possible. Most communication barriers can be overcome if the nurse (or any individual) is ready to try. Repeat open questions, make time for the patient and complete all patient notes thoroughly and to a Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011 standard that complies with NMC guidelines. Also remembering that a patients needs may change often but the level of communication should remain the same. On my placement I realised just how effective holistic nursing can be given the time and location. I observed a drug counsellor attempting to discuss a patients rehabilitation and how they intended to take it forward and at what pace and level. The drug counsellor had to find out if what type of drugs the patient was using, how often and were there any underlying physical or emotional reasons why the patient was a drug user. The patient was very withdrawn and didnt appear interested. The counsellor repeatedly asked him questions but the patient stared at his feet and didnt answer. He became noticeably agitated and his body language appeared to become aggressive (he folded his arms). The counsellor suggested they took a break and had a cup of tea. During the break the counsellor asked some indirect questions about the weather etc., I noticed the patient started to relax and build a rapport with the counsellor, this I feel was the counsellor gaining knowledge of the patients whole being not just his drug problem (this is a strong example of holistic care in an adult medical setting). On returning to the treatment room the patient seemed more relaxed and began to answer the counsellors questions whilst maintaining a good verbal and non-verbal communication. This was the first barrier I noticed being over come the second was the patients inability to read and complete a questionnaire. The counsellor sat and read the questions to the patient and then asked the patient to repeat the questions before answering them, ensuring that he had understood what she was asking. Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011

Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf :: Whos Afraid Virginia Woolf Essays

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf For this book talk, I read an Edward Albee's play, "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf." I saw the movie version of this book, which I found excellent, so it inspired me to read the book. The book begins when George, who is an associate professor of a New England college, and Martha, who is the daughter of the college professor comes home after a faculty party. Although it is well after midnight and they are heavily drunk, Martha invites another couple, Nick who is a new and young professor in the college, and his wife Honey. The two couples continue drinking at the living room of George and Martha's house, and Martha starts complaining about George. She reveals George's failure to advance in the college even if he has an advantage as the son-in-law of the president. George tries to revenge by telling Martha's weaknesses to the guests, and the fight becomes impossible to stop making the new couple who tries to stay detached also become caught up in it. As the fight goes on and they become more drunk, Martha comes to mention about George and she's imaginary son, who has been a secret between them and a forbidden topic to tell others. Nick also tells their painful secret that he married Honey because she thought she was pregnant but that it turned out to be false. When everyone is tired and humiliated as a result, George, who was very angry about Martha's mentioning his son to the guests, he decides to tell something that will change their lives forever as a final revenge, and then the party comes to an end. The main theme of the book is the sadness and difficulties of the adult life. In the story, George and Martha cannot have a child because either of them is impotent, so they had to make up an imaginary son. Here's a quotation about their son form Martha. QUOTATION(p219) Martha's this description about him shows how much they cared for him and wanted the real one. Furthermore, they constantly fight with each other for trivial subjects even though they really want to communicate more seriously and understand deeper. The difference between their view of life also worsens their marriage because Martha always expects George to be more ambitious while George does not

Representations of China in the Movie the Forbidden Kingdom Essay

The Forbidden Kingdom (Rob Minkoff, 2008)[1] is an American martial arts adventure film co-starred by Jackie Chan and Jet Li. The film tells the story of a Boston boy Jason, who is a big kung fu fan, is given the mission, as a traveler, of returning the staff to the Monkey King so as to free him from the statue in which he has been trapped by the Jade Warlord. With the help of Jackie Chan and Jet Li, Jason not only fulfills his mission in the end by defeating the Jade Warlord, but also masters kung fu and develops to a brave and responsible man. The movie was successful and popular, attracting large audience[2], due to the reason, as far as I see it, that it meets the Western audience’s expectation of China. The movie is full of stereotypes of China and Chinese, reflecting the orientalism’s attitudes from the West, especially from America (both written and directed by Americans) in this case. Orientalism, as studied in Edward Said’s book Orientalism (1978), is an academic term used to â€Å"describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries†[3], later adopted by America after the WWâ… ¡.In such a man-made theory, East is depicted as a less-civilized, exotic, brutal and inferior entity to the West, and â€Å"†¦the West is not only deï ¬ ned as the diametrical opposite of the East, but also as its protector and its carer† (Khatib, 2006: 64). What’s more, to the West that the â€Å"†¦Orient is something to be feared or controlled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Khatib, 2006: 65). All these ideas of Orientalism can be sensed or found in the movie The Forbidden Kingdom, which makes this movie a advocator of American Orientalism towards China. The movie begins with a dim, disorganized pawn shop owned by a shaky, weak and old Chinese man Hop, who clings tightly to his money and sells kung fu DVDs to Jason, the boy who is treated and bullied like an alien by his peers because of his enthusiasm towards kung fu. Hop is later attacked by the bullies who forces Jason to lead them to steal money from him. This opening of the story sets the main attitude about China by showing the typical stereotype that white people hold towards Chinese: a totally different Other, whose living style (the messy shop) and traditions (kung fu) are far beyond the understandings of the West, also with the characteristics of being sickly weak and easy to attack or take advantage of, often become the target of violence. When Jason is sent to the ancient China to fulfill his mission, what he experiences also applies to the theory of Orientalism: exotic Chinese water-mountain sceneries, extraordinary and dazzling kung fu skills, brutal killing by the army, vicious women (White-haired Witch), wicked Jade Warlord with darkened eye shadow, submissive women (concubines of Jade Warlord) etc. All of these images give audience an impression that China is an exotic yet less civilized territory, waiting to have her destiny changed by this American boy. As a result, the dominant power over the East (China) of America is subsequently delivered by the screenwriter, i.e. the chaos brought by the Jade Warlord is going to be ceased by the Traveler Jason, rather than someone from China herself, for example, the supreme power of the Heaven, the Emperor. Such plot indicates the attitude that the East (China) is unable to be independent; she needs the West (America) to dominate and have authority over her. The fear of the East from the West can also be easily detected in this movie. The Heaven is temporarily given by the Emperor to the Jade Warlord to govern, which means the whole china is under his control. But his power grows so fast and powerful that, according the American screenwriter, someone from the West needs to suppress this evil rise, and this time, Jason again, the ultimate messenger in this movie to carry out the American’s will in Orientalism. Being far away from China, western people get images of China mainly from what is available in the media. However, what is presented is only small or even misleading information about China. Although Orientalism is viewed as â€Å"false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the (Middle) East†[4], it is still applied in media and proved by Western governments nowadays in order to remain the power over the East in spheres of politics, economy and culture. We should hold an alert and critical attitude towards such information, trying to go beyond what is presented, so as to get to know the real image of the East.

Why Was Stalin Able to Become Leader of Russia by 1926?

Why was Stalin able to become leader of Russia by 1926? (7) In January 1924, Lenin, the Leader of the Russian communist party died. Trotsky, the leader of the Red army seemed like Lenin’s successor at the time as he played a major role in the civil war. Meanwhile, Stalin held two positions: People’s commissar for Nationalities (responsible for the different nationalities in the Soviet empire) and General Secretary (responsible for the day to day running of the party. He was also a member of the Politburo, the party leaders who ran the country after Lenin’s death.They consist of Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. As Lenin’s funeral was organized by Stalin since he was regarded as the party’s administrator because of his position as General Secretary, Stalin was able to deliver the oration. This enabled him to portray himself as the chief mourner, and heir to Lenin. Stalin also telegrammed Trotsky the wrong date. Many saw Trotsky’s absent as disrespect for Lenin who had assumed a God-like status so his reputation was damaged. As a result, Lenin’s funeral gained Stalin support and made Trotsky unpopular, contributing to his success in being the leader of Russia.Apart from that, the fact that the Politburo decided not to publish Lenin’s Testament which contains criticisms of them also contributes to Stalin’s success. This is because in his testament, Lenin had wanted Stalin removed from his position. Members of the party may not have supported Stalin if they had read the testament containing criticisms of him. They would probably support Lenin’s desire for Stalin to be removed from his position. Apart from enabling Stalin to gain support during Lenin’s funeral, his position as General Secretary also contributes to his success in becoming Russia’s leader in many ways.As it enabled him to access personal files of party members, Stalin gained information wh ich he could use against his rivals. Furthermore, it also gave him the right to appoint new party members so he appointed his supporters. During Lenin Enrolment between 1923-5, over half a million new members joined the party as it gave them privileges. This made them loyal to Stalin as he had allowed them into the party. New members could easily identify with Stalin because of his humble, peasant background and support for Stalin grew. On the other hand, Trotsky was unpopular.He came from a wealthy Jewish background and had a late conversion to Bolshevism. He was an intellectual who appeared arrogant. He also did not cultivate support but worked alone. This could be because of his poor judgment regarding other people. Trotsky also believed in the ‘Permanent Revolution’ but in contrast, Stalin promoted ‘Socialism in one country’. Many feared that Trotsky’s idea of world revolution would ruin Russia so support increased for Stalin. In 1924, Trotsky sa id the party’s bureaucracy was too big and was working for its own benefit.He was isolated by Stalin as Stalin had joined with Zinoviev and Kamenev to form the ‘Triumvirate’. This happened before Lenin’s death and the aim of this alliance is to prevent Trotsky from being the next party leader. They campaigned against Trotsky by publishing his disagreement s with Lenin during 1903-7. They also used Stalin’s position as General Secretary and the 1921 ban against factions to remove Trotsky’s supporters from their influential positions. This led to Trotsky being constantly isolated and outvoted.In 1925, Trotsky was forced to resign from his position of Commissar for War. Stalin, as a member of the ‘Triumvirate’ has partly defeated the Left Opposition. However, In April 1926, Zinoviev and Kamenev realized that Stalin is exploiting his position as he used it to appoint his supporters into the party. They joined forces with Trotsky to f orm the United Opposition. They planned to restore Party and Soviet democracy and end the NEP (New Economic Policy). They were defeated in 1926 at the central committee meeting because Stalin called in his support and banned them from speaking.He also used his control of Party Congresses and elections to outvote them. They worked secretly but were then accused of factionalism (breaking the party) and were expelled from the party. The United Opposition was successfully defeated by Stalin and the party is now full of his supporters. As a conclusion, Stalin’s political schemes with the aid which his position as General Secretary offered enabled him to remove his rivals, gain support and power so he was able to become leader of Russia by 1926. Beatrice 11. 1

Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay Example

Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay Example Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay In 1998, management consultants Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner published their â€Å"Seven Dimensions of Culture† model to help explain national cultural differences in organisations and to show how managing these differences in a heterogeneous business environment is a major challenge for international managers. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner gathered data over ten years using a method that relied on giving respondents dilemmas or contrasting tendencies. Each dilemma consisted of two alternatives that were interpreted as indicators for basic attitudes and values. The questionnaire was sent to over 15,000 managers in 28 countries. At least 500 usable responses per country were received, enabling the two authors to make substantiated distinctions between national cultures. The two consultants distinguished seven connected processes formulated as dilemmas. A culture distinguishes itself from others by ‘preferring’ one side of a dilemma’s continuum. The seven, universal dimensions of cultures are: 1. UNIVERSALISM versus PLURALISM â€Å"What is more important – rules or relationships? † The degree of importance a culture assigns to either the law or to personal relationships. In a universalistic culture, people share the belief that general rules, codes, values and standards take precedence over the needs and claims of friends and other relationships. In a pluralistic culture, people see culture in terms of human friendship and intimate relationships. While rules do exist in a pluralistic culture, they merely codify how people relate to one another. 2. INDIVIDUALISM versus COMMUNITARISNISM â€Å"Do we function as a group or as individuals? † The degree to which people see themselves function more as a community or more as individuals. In a principally individualistic culture, people place the individual before the community. This means that individual happiness, fulfilment and welfare prevails and people take their own initiative and take care of themselves. In a principally communitarian culture, people place the community before the individual. Thus, it is the responsibility of the individual to act in ways which serve society. In doing so, individual needs are automatically attended. 3. SPECIFIC versus DIFFUSE â€Å"How far to we get involved? † The degree to which responsibility is specifically assigned or is diffusely accepted. In a specific culture, people first analyse the elements individually and then put them together, the whole is the sum of its parts. People’s lives are divided accordingly and, only a single component can be entered at a time. Interactions between people are very well-defined. Specific individuals concentrate on hard facts, standards and contracts. A diffusely oriented culture starts with the whole and sees individual elements from the perspective of the total. All elements are related to one another. Relationships between elements are more important than individual elements. 4. AFFECTIVITY versus NEUTRALITY Do we display our emotions? † The degree to which individuals display their emotions. In an affective culture, people display their emotions and it is not deemed necessary to hide feelings. However, in a neutral culture, people are taught not to display their feelings overtly. The degree to which feelings become manifested is therefore minimal. While emotions are fel t, they are controlled. 5. INNER DIRECTED versus OUTER DIRECTED â€Å"Do we control our environment or work with it? † The degree to which individuals believe the environment can be controlled versus believing that the environment controls them. In an inner-directed culture, people have a mechanistic view of nature; nature is complex but can be controlled with the right expertise. People believe that humans can dominate nature, if they make the effort. In an outer-directed culture, people have an organic view of nature. Mankind is viewed as one of nature’s forces and should therefore live in harmony with the environment. People therefore adapt themselves to external circumstances. 6. ACHIEVED STATUS versus ASCRIBED STATUS â€Å"Do we have to prove ourselves to receive status or is it given to us? The degree to which individuals must prove themselves to receive status versus status simply given to them. In a culture with achieved status, people derive their status from what they have accomplished. Achieved status must be proven time and time again and status will be given accordingly. In a culture with ascribed status, people derive their status from birth, age, gender or wealth. Here status is not based on achievemen t but it is accorded on the basis of the person’s being. 7. SEQUENTIAL TIME versus SYNCHRONIC TIME â€Å"Do we do things one at a time or several things at once? The degree to which individuals do things one at a time versus several things at once. Cultures developed their own response to time. Time orientation has two aspects: the relative importance cultures assign to the past, present and future, and their approach to structuring time. In a sequential culture, people structure time sequentially and do things one at a time. In a synchronic time culture, people do several things at once, believing time is flexible and intangible. Past-oriented cultures A culture that is oriented towards the past views the future as a repetition of previous events and experiences. Characteristics include: respect for ancestors and collective historical events. Present-oriented cultures A culture primarily directed to the present does not attach great value to the past or future. Instead, individuals are directed by the daily demands of every day life. Future-oriented cultures A culture concentrated on future prospects and does not deem the past as significant for future events. Planning is a major activity among individuals in this culture. The seven dilemmas help managers better understand the ‘other side’ e. g. when trying to make trans-national projects or mergers work. Better understanding reduces the number of cultural driven misunderstandings and conflicts thereby reducing coordination costs. The model helps marketers understand how consumers in different countries behave differently towards the same product. pros: Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner provided a tool to explain how national culture differs and how culture can be measured. Their research showed that cultural differences matter and that reconciling cultural differences can lead to competitive advantage to companies in consolidating / globalising industries. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s model gives employees who deal with cross-cultural relations a tool/context to better understand value sets and behaviours. Trompenaars’ research shows that the way business is conducted in one part of the world is different from the way it is done in another. Culture is an important aspect in doing international business. For example, Office Depot has learned that Japanese customers do not like to buy their supplies in large, well-stocked stores that offer discount prices. Japanese prefer stores where service is personal and are willing to pay higher prices for this. cons: The model fails to recognise the influence of personal characteristics on behaviour. The model distinguishes the differences between cultures, but does not provide recommendations on how to work with specific cultures. Additional dilemmas may be added to the seven original dimensions of culture. No assurance can be given that this list is complete. Trompenaars and others such as Hofstede emphasised that companies should acknowledge the differences between the cultures in which they operate. However, other authors including Ohmae (Borderless World) and Levitt (Globalisation of Markets) argue that national borders are diminishing and that the world should be seen as a whole and not made up of different countries with different cultures. Professor Trompenaars has studied how people in specific countries resolve dilemmas. After analyzing problem resolution behaviors, Dr. Trompenaars has identified 7 basic dimensions for culture. International trade consultants and lawyers consider these cultural dimensions when designing sales strategies where buyers and sellers originate from different cultures. This is particularly true for emerging markets unaccustomed to dealing with businesspersons from so-called more developed countries. Below is a brief summary of the seven cultural dimensions. Achievement vs. Ascription In an achievement culture, people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions. High achievers are given status in achievement-oriented countries including Austria, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Achievers must continue to prove their worth, as status is accorded based on their actions. In an ascription culture, status is attributed based on who or what a person is. This is based on age, gender and social connections. Individualism vs. Communitarianism People make their own decisions and achieve success alone in highly individualistic countries including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Emphasis is on personal responsibility and decision-making, and negotiations are made on the spot. Communitarianism is a culture like Japan that places the community before the individual. Success is achieved in groups, decisions are referred to committees and groups jointly assume responsibilities. Internal vs. External In an internalistic culture like the United States, people believe that what happens to them is their own doing. Many Asian countries have an external culture in which the environment shapes their destiny. Because they don’t believe they are in full control of their destinies, often externalistic people adapt to external circumstances. Neutral vs. Emotional In neutral cultures like Japan and the United Kingdom, emotions are held in check. People don’t show their feelings. In an emotional culture, feelings are expressed naturally and openly. People smile a great deal, talk loudly when excited and greet each other with enthusiasm. Mexico, Netherlands and Switzerland are high-emotion countries. Specific vs. Diffuse In what is called a specific culture, individuals are open to sharing a large public space with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only friends and associates. Specific cultures like Austria, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States show a strong separation between work and private life. Invitations to public spaces are common. A diffuse culture features similarly sized public and private spaces. Like most introverts, diffuse culture people guard both spaces carefully, because entry into public space also affords entry into private space. China, Spain and Venezuela are examples of diffuse cultures where work and private life are closely linked but intensely protected. Time Orientation In sequential cultures like the United States, people tend to do one activity at a time. Appointments are strictly kept, with a strong preference for following plans. In synchronous cultures like France and Mexico, people usually do more than one activity at a time. Appointments are approximate, subject to change at any moment. Universalism vs. Particularism Universalistic countries focus more on formal rules than relationships. Nations characterized by high universalism believe that their ideas and practices can be applied worldwide without modification. Australia, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom are universalistic countries. America is also highly universalistic, which explains why U. S. multinationals repeatedly ignore relationships in a foreign culture. For example, Starbucks unsuccessfully launched its coffee shop in China’s Forbidden City while Germans rejected Wal-Mart’s standard big box stores. Particularistic countries place more emphasis on relationships than rules. Countries that practise high particularism include China, Indonesia and Venezuela. Particularistic peoples believe that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices are applied. Therefore, ideas and practices cannot be applied the same everywhere. References This article presents independent insights based on research from International Management, Culture, Strategy and Behavior (6th edition, Hodgetts-Luthans-DOH) and Trompenaars’s Seven Dimensions of Culture.

Free Essays on Attila The Hun

Attila the Hun (circa 406-53), king of the Huns from 433 to 453 when he died from an untimely death. One of the most feared and notorious barbarians of all time, Attila is believed to be of distant Mongol stock, and while alive ravaged much of the European continent during the 5th century AD. No one represents the unbridled fury and savagery of barbarism as much as Attila the Hun did. Attila, as the greatest Hun leader, is the stereotypical sacker of cities and killer of babies. In his own day he and his Huns were known as the "Scourge of God†. The Huns themselves were a people of mystery and terror. Arriving on the edge of the Roman Empire in the late fourth century, riding their war horses out of the great steppes of Asia, they struck fear into Germanic barbarians and Romans alike. No one knows exactly when Attila the Hun's was born. But he was the nephew of the king of the Huns, a tribe of nomadic herdsmen. The Huns were fierce mounted warriors who tended and rode horses, which was a big part of their daily life. By the time Attila was born, the Huns, originally from the dry, level, treeless, grass-covered lands of southeastern Europe and Asia had gradually migrated westward. They eventually settled on the Danube River in the Great Hungarian Plain, on the border of the Roman Empire. After their uncle's death in 433, Attila and his brother Bleda ruled the Huns together. Attila eventually killed Bleda and took possession of the throne in 445. As the sole king of the Huns, Attila moved to extend the Hun Empire by conquering other barbarian populations throughout eastern and central Europe. Each conquest brought greater wealth and power to the Huns. The new ruler was much more aggressive and ambitious than his predecessors had been, and arrogance sometimes made him unpredictable. He also claimed to own the actual sword of Mars, and that other barbarian chiefs could not look the King of the Huns directly in the eyes without flinc... Free Essays on Attila The Hun Free Essays on Attila The Hun Attila the Hun (circa 406-53), king of the Huns from 433 to 453 when he died from an untimely death. One of the most feared and notorious barbarians of all time, Attila is believed to be of distant Mongol stock, and while alive ravaged much of the European continent during the 5th century AD. No one represents the unbridled fury and savagery of barbarism as much as Attila the Hun did. Attila, as the greatest Hun leader, is the stereotypical sacker of cities and killer of babies. In his own day he and his Huns were known as the "Scourge of God†. The Huns themselves were a people of mystery and terror. Arriving on the edge of the Roman Empire in the late fourth century, riding their war horses out of the great steppes of Asia, they struck fear into Germanic barbarians and Romans alike. No one knows exactly when Attila the Hun's was born. But he was the nephew of the king of the Huns, a tribe of nomadic herdsmen. The Huns were fierce mounted warriors who tended and rode horses, which was a big part of their daily life. By the time Attila was born, the Huns, originally from the dry, level, treeless, grass-covered lands of southeastern Europe and Asia had gradually migrated westward. They eventually settled on the Danube River in the Great Hungarian Plain, on the border of the Roman Empire. After their uncle's death in 433, Attila and his brother Bleda ruled the Huns together. Attila eventually killed Bleda and took possession of the throne in 445. As the sole king of the Huns, Attila moved to extend the Hun Empire by conquering other barbarian populations throughout eastern and central Europe. Each conquest brought greater wealth and power to the Huns. The new ruler was much more aggressive and ambitious than his predecessors had been, and arrogance sometimes made him unpredictable. He also claimed to own the actual sword of Mars, and that other barbarian chiefs could not look the King of the Huns directly in the eyes without flinc...

Business Personal Statement What Why How

Business Personal Statement What Why How Business Personal Statement: What? Why? How? In this article, we are going to give you a step-by-step guide on all of the essential tips that you need to complete your business personal statement. What is a Business Personal Statement? It is very competitive to try and secure a space in a high-quality business studies course. Your business personal statement is one of the ways in which you can demonstrate your potential above and beyond your grades. An engaging and insightful business personal statement can be a way of standing out from the rest of the candidates who are competing for the available places on the course that you wish to study. Why Do You Need a Business Personal Statement? A business personal statement is designed to give some sense of who you are as a person. For many courses, it is an essential part of the application and candidate assessment process. How to Complete a Business Personal Statement? The key thing with a business personal statement is to be authentic, to be yourself, and to convey that in a professional way that connects with the people who are assessing your application. There are four main points that you should mention in your business personal statement. These are as follows: Why are you interested in studying this course? For example, you may say something like â€Å"I have had a lifelong interest in economics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I am fascinated by the operation of the stock market†¦Ã¢â‚¬  How do your previous studies qualify you for this course? For example, you may say something like â€Å"My previous studies of international politics have shown me the interrelation between politics and economics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"My outstanding grades in my junior business studies qualification have given me an excellent basis to continue to challenge myself academically†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What life experience do you have that qualifies you for this course? For example, you may say something like â€Å"Having dealt with my family’s small business, I have a sound understanding of microeconomics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I’ve been an active participant in stock market simulations to help me build my understanding of real-time trading patterns†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why have you chosen this specific course? You may say something like: â€Å"Having compared all of the available options, I believe this course will give me the skills and knowledge I need†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"The outstanding reputation of this course will be a tremendous asset to my CV†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is important that you do not copy anyone else’s business personal statement. It is okay to look at some examples to see how best to structure what you are writing, but your business personal statement has to be about you, it has to reflect your experiences, and what you believe. The business personal statement has to be about you, but do not hesitate to seek assistance and feedback. Share your business personal statement with your friends, family, and professional network. Ask for feedback, ask whether it accurately reflects who you are, ask for any suggestions on how to improve it and make it more impactful. With a strong business personal statement, you will be well-placed to secure the business course to which you aspire.

Official Development Assistance and Poverty Reduction Essay

Official Development Assistance and Poverty Reduction - Essay Example The Reality of Aid Report (2010:9) though note that the manner in which these agreements are implemented is too technical to actually transform the manner in which aid is governed to actually make it more effective and relevant to the poor for whom it is aimed. It shows that the agreements have not changed the reality of aid relationships since what is actually practised are technical aspects related to aid management rather than a focus on development policy making. The report concludes that even though reforms in aid effectiveness have delivered some benefits, they have not made considerable difference in how aid is viewed or to the extent to which it empowers or improves the lives of those who need it most (pp.25). From ODA’s definition, its key objective is to promote â€Å"economic development and welfare of developing countries† (OECD, 2008:1). Such development such developing healthcare facilities, educational facilities or even infrastructural development is oft en aimed at reducing poverty levels experienced by these countries as it increases the capacity of the countries to earn a decent living and to live in healthy states. In essence therefore one may relate poverty reduction as the key objective of ODA. So if ODA is not able to effectively meet its objectives as noted by the rise in poverty over a twenty year period as shown, then should aid be counted as official development assistance even if it does not reduce poverty levels? This paper argues that nothing should be counted as official development Assistance until it has been proven to reduce poverty. Official Development Assistance (ODA) ODA is defined as aid flows from donor countries of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) list to countries eligible for such aid found on the DAC... From this essay it is clear that from ODA’s definition, its key objective is to promote â€Å"economic development and welfare of developing countries†. Such development such developing healthcare facilities, educational facilities or even infrastructural development is often aimed at reducing poverty levels experienced by these countries as it increases the capacity of the countries to earn a decent living and to live in healthy states. In essence therefore one may relate poverty reduction as the key objective of ODA. So if ODA is not able to effectively meet its objectives as noted by the rise in poverty over a twenty year period as shown, then should aid be counted as official development assistance even if it does not reduce poverty levels? This paper argues that nothing should be counted as official development Assistance until it has been proven to reduce poverty.This discussion highlights that  ODA is defined as aid flows from donor countries of the OECD Develo pment Assistance Committee (DAC) list to countries eligible for such aid found on the DAC list, these aid must first and fore most be given by official agencies or countries to the other countries or official institutions within the country where each aid is given with the core purpose of promotion welfare and development in the developing countries.  The area of focus of the definition in this paper is on the main objective of ODA whose purpose is to increase development and reduce poverty levels.

Operations Management of Airbus Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management of Airbus Company - Essay Example The paper tells that Airbus is considering taking production approach similar to the ones applied by Boeing. For the company to take appropriate measure in this endeavor it need to consider the following factors. Cancellation of orders or running out of business by airline companies is the main causes of production of white tail jets. As an Airbus consultant, the researcher will begin by investigating the causes and nature of cancellation of orders or running out of business by airliners in a long-term perspective. Secondly, the researcher need to investigate market trends by analyzing possible demands in the long-term. Finally, Airbus is facing competition from other competitors such as Boeing and McDonnell Douglas Company. The researcher would therefore investigate the implication of white tailed jet as a long-term competition strategy. These issues will require objectives that can be evaluated in order to determine their suitability of application in Airbus. Firstly, Airbus needs to determine the future demand resulting from the anticipated growth of the airline industry. The company also requires knowing the possibility of acquiring new customers from existing airliners and from possible new entrants. Thirdly, Airbus needs to evaluate possible competitive advantage that may result from the production of white tail jets. Finally, Airbus would require to measure the degree at which market trend is shifting from making of orders to buying of readymade aircrafts. Part 3; Operation management techniques Qualitative and quantitative techniques as applied in operational management will be useful in analyzing the stated important issues. Quantitative techniques are important technique in operation management since they enable operations managers to determine future anticipations in terms of quantity or numbers. This factor makes the technique to have wide application in forecasting of expected operation methods and procedures. The technique relies on data and model s and it would be appropriate for analyzing Airbus case. Unlike quantitative techniques, qualitative techniques are more subjective, this makes the technique fit perfectly in the given scenario. Qualitative techniques forecasts future prospect of a company based on answers to a series of question related to the management of a company (Slack, & Chambers, 2008). Using quantitative techniques it is possible to determine the time duration within which Airbus should continue producing white tailed aircrafts. Firstly, considering the rate at which airliners across the globe are grounding their planes from lack of business, Airbus is likely to have a continued production of white tailed jets. Although the move has some competitive advantage over its rival plane manufacture Boeing, the company needs to consider any long-term threats that may result from the move. Currently Boeing is involved in intensive management program to ensure that any delays and order cancellation do not turn out as a white tailed jet. Airbus need to evaluate possible risks that rival company is avoiding by taking the current moves. Boeing main customer Lufthansa has ground A300-600s and a similar move is likely to apply to A340-300 series. Other companies such as Quanta airlines are considering taking mergers and this will cause a reduction in the number of orders they make. This implies that the company is anticipating a sharp fall in the demand of aircrafts making it to take cautions in its manufacturing plans. Airbus also needs to determine the duration within which it should continue with production of white tail aircrafts considering the anticipated demands due to a shortfall in supply. Although airline companies are currently

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Great Depression - Essay Example The great depression was an economic disaster that affected Europe, North America and other industrialized nations for a period of one decade; from 1929-1939. The depression was the worst depression the Western industrialized world has ever experienced in the modern times (McElvaine 46). America started feeling the depression earlier than other countries due to the collapse of the prices of stock market of the New York Stock Exchange in the year 1929. Within the next few years, the stock price continued falling; they lost their value with a decrease of 20%. This decrease in assets’ value ruined countless numbers of investors, and the performance of banks started declining. Many financial institutions could not withstand the strain from the ensuing depression. People lost trust in the economy and minimized their levels of demand and spending (Burgan 117). Consequently, production declined with a big margin; the overall consequences of these situations escalated the advancement of the great depression. Sudden fall in output led to a deadly situation of unemployment in America because more than fifteen million Americans lost their jobs. Although the utter depression began in the US, it swiftly became an international economic crisis because of the close relationships, which developed between the European economies and US after the First World War (Burgan 117). The US was the chief creditors of Europe during and after the war since the European economies were destabilized by the war debts and the war itself. Other nations like Germany had suffered heavy economic strains due to defeat in the battle because they were required to reimburse war damages. This c onnection was extremely tight and close. When the American economy crushed down, the Europeans countries were also affected since the flow of traders and investors to Europe ceased. Unemployment in Germany skyrocketed within a short period claiming the jobs of more than six million people (McElvaine 46). The great depression was a bit soft on Britain because the unemployment levels were not as high as in America and Germany. However, Britain’s export and industrial sectors were depressed for a longer period that other countries, and they only recovered in the mid 1940s. All countries came up with strategies that would guard the domestic industries and boost their production. Nations imposed tariffs and increased the existing tariffs to discourage international trade (Downing 94). Imports were crowded with quotas; this resulted to a decline in international trade with more than half. When the world trade collapsed, the international economy was disintegrated into trading blocs , which were influenced by currency of trade and political allegiance. This trade between blocs was open to many countries. Political implications of the great depression The political implications of the great depression were profound. Countries such as Japan and Germany reacted to the depression by forming militarist governments who came up with regressive foreign policies, which resulted to the Second World War. In Britain and the US, the government intervened in the issues that affected people by forming welfare system for the citizens (McElvaine 47). The government managed all the economies with little intervention from individuals. President Roosevelt came up with employment schemes, which aimed at reducing unemployment. People were given street cleaning jobs and painting the public buildings. Further, Roosevelt came up with policies that supported the industrial and agricultural sectors. Although these measures did not yield to rapid economic recovery, they enhanced the overa ll

Affordable Care Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Affordable Care Act - Essay Example The Medicare and Medicaid programs were enacted under, president Johnsons administration, in 1965. Medicare provides health care services for people above the age of 65 years, those with disabilities and those suffering from terminal illness2. On the other hand, Medicaid is funded by the state government to necessitate the provision of medical services to low income earners. In the history of the United States, efforts to implement universal health care policy have been stalled by both political factors from 1912 until the achievement of an Affordable Security Act that is aimed at providing affordable care to low income earners. Medicare and Medicaid programs have their roots in medical programs introduced in Germany and Britain in 1883 and 1911 respectively3. In 1916, the American Association of Labor Legislation organized a movement in an effort to enact a compulsory health insurance policy for all workers. The objective of the program was to cover for medical bills for sick worker s as well as take care of cash compensations4. Upon the defeat of Theodore Roosevelt who was in support of the health card reforms in 1912, the decentralized government and American Medical Association opposition pushed the rejection of the bill5. The bill was defeated in different states under the argument it had costly social consequences and that Americans had efficient medical cover from their own savings and private insurers. Following several publications on the high cost of health care between the 1920s and 1930, and seeing the need for a national insurance program, president Franklin Roosevelt incorporated a national health program in the Social Security law in 1935. The program was developed during the period of great depression because poverty levels among the citizens was more than 50%. The aim of the Act was to alleviate the difficulties faced by Americans namely: old age, unemployment, poverty and orphans6. President Harry Truman endorsed the enactment of a National Hea lth Care program in 1946. However, the issue was discussed and failed because of opposition from private insurance companies and a strong opposition by the congress. In 1951, most people in the United States were enrolled in the private insurance companies and used the coverage for their health care needs7. To garner support for the federal health care bill, its policies were addressed to meet the needs of the elderly because they were the high risk population and in some way were derailing the profitability of the private sector8. The private insurers felt that insuring the elderly population was not as profitable as insuring the young generation. Moreover, the elderly felt that the government proposition was much better and beneficial to them. However, there were strong opposition from private insurers and the post war climate was not good enough to support social reforms in the country. The Kerr-Mills bill was adopted and enacted in different states in 1960 to enable the governme nt to channel funds towards helping the elderly who were considered needy according to the state evaluations. However, the bill could not cater to all the health care needs of the elderly and as a result president Kennedy initiated the creation of the Medicare bill. The bill was meant to cover for the health care costs of the elderly but because of a lack of support by the congress and economic recession, enactment of the bill was postponed9. In 1964, president Johnson prioritized the need for health care reforms and following the increase in medical expenses and economic recession, the bill received overwhelming support from the public10. Congress came up with three options to

Major Research Essay Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major Essay - Research Paper Example The fear of investors, both local and international, on their properties may make them shift to other countries that are safe for investment. International monetary funds and government interests may cut their support of the countries at war leading to decline of the economic growth. Considering these effects, the China and Japan governments may opt for a diplomatic way of solving their disputes rather than opting for a war. The government of China began to take an interest of the island since the discovery of oil was pronounced. China acknowledges that the island is within their boundary. The argument is the continued fisheries that were practised in the earlier years by their forefathers. Their interest though began in the 1970s had been growing, and a counter attack from the Japanese government in 2010 towards the Chinese fishermen proved the escalation of the disputes. The attack by the Japanese soldiers assured that they were in control of the island and ready to take any form of challenge (Pan). When this kind of attack happens, the Chinese government would likely respond. The response to this matter could be worrying. Chinese fishermen are sometime held in custody over the allegation of trespassing and carrying out the fishing activity in the Japan ese territory. For this reason, the Chinese government might respond with war as a way of revenge or in an attempt to rescue them. Therefore, any kind of respond that does not involve the use of a diplomatic action that will lead to a long lasting solution will cause an outbreak of international war. China has been a silent country in terms of conflict with the neighbouring and far countries. The country have not involved itself with other nation’s internal or international conflicts. The nature of the nation has been taken advantage of the rivals. Their leadership of the country is now evolving and coming up with strategies that will ensure a military activities of the

LAW FOR LICENSED PREMISES IN HOSPITALTY MANAGEMENT Essay

LAW FOR LICENSED PREMISES IN HOSPITALTY MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Moreover, this will also negatively affect the goodwill of the hotel and affect the brand value. In this context, the hotel industry of Manchester has a perfectly competitive market and thus people have their personal choices to choose the hotel according to their preferences and value for money (M.E.N Media, 2014). A hotel may provide wrong or misleading information to the customers in certain aspects including food labelling, prices of the food, and alcoholic strength among others. A hotel may also convey wrong and faulty information to customers through improper labelling for greater profitability (TTB, 2014). Very often it can be found that the hotels sell their products providing wrong information in their labels. Such as, they claim that their foods are fat free or cholesterol free to grab the attention of customers. However, in reality the scenario is completely opposite and therefore the hotel is misleading the customers with wrong information by following unethical practices. Moreover, it is also necessary for the hotels to proper label alcoholic beverages regarding the accurate percentage of alcoholic content. Majority of the times it is observed that the alcoholic beverages are labelled with much lower alcoholic content than the realty, which is completely unethical. The hotels are a lso seen providing misleading information to the consumers about their hotels through advertisements to increase its profit (Jpost Inc, 2014). In order to provoke the customers and attract them, the hotels often exaggerate the amenities that would be actually provided to the customers or the food items that would be available in those hotels. In the present day context, advertisement through social sites is another form of misleading customers by providing lucrative offers and images of the hotels, which may not be true. Moreover, the hotels often mislead customers by

Major Research Essay Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major Essay - Research Paper Example The fear of investors, both local and international, on their properties may make them shift to other countries that are safe for investment. International monetary funds and government interests may cut their support of the countries at war leading to decline of the economic growth. Considering these effects, the China and Japan governments may opt for a diplomatic way of solving their disputes rather than opting for a war. The government of China began to take an interest of the island since the discovery of oil was pronounced. China acknowledges that the island is within their boundary. The argument is the continued fisheries that were practised in the earlier years by their forefathers. Their interest though began in the 1970s had been growing, and a counter attack from the Japanese government in 2010 towards the Chinese fishermen proved the escalation of the disputes. The attack by the Japanese soldiers assured that they were in control of the island and ready to take any form of challenge (Pan). When this kind of attack happens, the Chinese government would likely respond. The response to this matter could be worrying. Chinese fishermen are sometime held in custody over the allegation of trespassing and carrying out the fishing activity in the Japan ese territory. For this reason, the Chinese government might respond with war as a way of revenge or in an attempt to rescue them. Therefore, any kind of respond that does not involve the use of a diplomatic action that will lead to a long lasting solution will cause an outbreak of international war. China has been a silent country in terms of conflict with the neighbouring and far countries. The country have not involved itself with other nation’s internal or international conflicts. The nature of the nation has been taken advantage of the rivals. Their leadership of the country is now evolving and coming up with strategies that will ensure a military activities of the

A Big Responsibility During Our Development Primarily in the Essay

A Big Responsibility During Our Development Primarily in the Intrauterine Life - Essay Example When a woman becomes pregnant it is of normal concern for her if she will become a good mother to her child. It particularly occurs to a woman being pregnant for the first time. There will be some queries of how she will handle her newborn. Stoppard states that â€Å" the most common anxiety is simply fear of parenthood – of whether you will be a good parent and of whether you can cope with bringing up a child, and on top of this will be the worry about your child’s happiness if you don’t make a good job of it† (11). Some men, on the other hand, also admit it is not easy to become a father. Men â€Å"have difficulty bonding with an infant until as late as three months after the birth, when the child can smile or coo and interact more directly with them. Parent’s ability to reach out can be strengthened by allowing them to touch and spend time with the new child in the first few hours of life† (Pillitteri 581). Parenting starts right after the baby is born. They should allocate enough time especially now that they have a new member of the family. Furthermore, there will be a lot of lifestyle changes that will happen in their life. Gone were those expensive holidays and the groovy night-outs and replaced with the time for the baby giving all the necessities needed. â€Å"It will almost be a complete reversal of lifestyle, and at first it may not be easy to accept† (Stoppard 13). Nothing can best describe how parents outlive the hardships they have encountered just to provide enough attention to their child. In other words, being a parent is a sacrificial responsibility not only for the benefit of his/her child but, including the whole family as well.

Dehlis History, Infrastructure and Political Structure

Dehlis History, Infrastructure and Political Structure DELHI Delhi,also known as the  National Capital Territory of India  is a metropolitan region in  India. Due to urban expansion in India its growth has expanded beyond the NCT to incorporate towns in neighbouring states and it can count a population of nearly 27 million residents as of 2014. The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of  National Capital Region  (NCR) under the  Constitution of Indias 69th amendment act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring cities of  Gurgaon,  Noida,  Ghaziabad,  Faridabad,  Greater Noida,  Alwar,  Bharatpurand other nearby towns. There are a number of legends associated with the origin of the name  Delhi. One is that it is derived fromDhilluorDilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50BC and named it after himself. Another is that the name is derived fromDilli, a corruption ofdehleezordehali—both terms meaning threshold or gateway—and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the  Gangetic Plain. HISTORY Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC.Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires. It has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period.Delhi was the site of ancient  Indraprastha(Khandavprastha), the ancient capital of the  Pandavas  during the  Mahabharata. By 1200, native Hindu resistance had begun to crumble, the dominance of foreign Muslim dynasties in India was to last for the next three hundred years, and Delhi was ruled by a succession of  Turkic  and an  Afghan,  Lodhi dynasty. They built a number of forts and townships that are part of the  seven cities of Delhi. In 1639, the Mughal emperor  Shah Jahan  built a new walled city named  Shahjahanabad, In Delhi, which served as the capital of the  Mughal Empire  from 1649 to 1847.Shahjahanabad today is Old Delhi. The greater part of Old Delhi is still confined within the space of Shah JahÄ ns walls, and several gates built during his rule—the Kashmiri Gate, the Delhi Gate, the Turkman Gate, and the Ajmeri Gate—still stand. In 1911 the British determined to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi.The key architect was Sir Edwin Lutyensand it was he who gave shape to the city.The British moved to the partially built New Delhi in 1912, and construction was completed in 1931. A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.When the British left India in 1947, New Delhi became its national capital and seat of the union government.. ECOLOGY Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the  Delhi ridge. The  Yamuna river  was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the  Aravalli Range  in the south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318m (1,043ft) and is a dominant feature of the region Delhi features an atypical version of the  humid subtropical climate. The warm season lasts from 9 April to 8 July with an average daily high temperature above 36 °C. The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 38 °C and low of 25 °C.[59]The cold season lasts from 11 December to 11 February with an average daily high temperature below 18 °C. The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 °C.Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 5 to 40 °C.The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June. Delhi is the most polluted[66]city in the world and according to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.The dense smog in Delhi during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution – Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities[78]and the  Delhi Transport Corporation  operates the worlds largest fleet of environmentally-friendly  compressed natural gas  (CNG) buses. Infrastructure Delhi has seen major infrastructural changes over the past few years amidst increased foreign investment and economic growth. Delhi’s infrastructure is attracting MNCs and corporate bodies from all over the world. Information technology, BPOs and other IT Services are among the growing industries in Delhi. Recent developments and  economical growth in Delhi  have put the city on the global map competing with other top cities in the world. Delhi has a much improved infrastructure with new roads, flyovers, bridges, healthcare facilities, sanitation, etc.  Education in Delhi has always been the  specialty of Delhi  with so many good schools and colleges to choose from. Other major initiatives of the government include telecom, housing, power facilities, and transportation. Sighting the upcoming Commonwealth Games 2010, Delhi is geared up for transforming itself to a world class city. Transport System In Delhi: Delhi Transport Corporation or the DTC is the main transportation medium in Delhi. DTC is the worlds largest compressed natural gas bus service. The service has come a long way since its inception in the year 1984. Now all buses have been converted into CNG in order to control the pollution level of the city. Apart from the bus service of the DTC, there are private Blue Line services which are under the private hands. International Airport of Delhi popularly known as  Indira Gandhi International Airport  is located 24 kilometers south of  New Delhi. It is a two-terminal airport with major Airlines from across the world having flights to and from Indira Gandhi International Airport. Out of the two terminals, one is the Domestic Terminal some 3 kilometers away from the International Terminal. Metro rail service in Delhi has come as a much awaited gift for the people of Delhi which has indeed changed the transport facility of the city. It has become the life line of Delhi as people are dependent on Delhi Metro for commuting to different places within the city.  Delhi Metro Project  has been recognized all over the world for its specialty in terms of a hi-tech rail and better equipped transport system. Other than these, taxis and autos are always in demand for shorter distances Housing structure In Delhi 96.98% families live in pucca, 2.01% in semi-pucca, and 1.01% in kutcha type of housing structure.  60.77% stay in independent, 19.02% in flat type dwellings.  In 2010 Total number of slums were estimated as 1867 and the households therein were  estimated as 3.79 lakhs. Crime rate Call it the inefficiency of the Delhi Police or the impact of liberal registration of cases, but the Capital recorded two to four times more criminal incidents till March this year as compared to the corresponding period in last year. Delhi has reported the highest rate of violent crimes in the country. The city reported 29 heinous crimes cases daily in 2013.According to NCRB statistics, the Capital’s daily data of violent crime included 17 incidents of abduction, three robberies and rapes each and a case of murder and attempt to murder between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Governance The  Government of Delhi  is the supreme governing authority of the  Indian  national capital territory of  Delhi  and its  9 districts. The  Delhi High Court  has jurisdiction over Delhi, which also has two lower courts: the  Small Causes Court  for civil cases, and the  Sessions Court  for criminal cases. The  Delhi Police, headed by the  Police Commissioner, is one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world.[1] The  Parliament of India, the  Rashtrapati Bhavan  (Presidential Palace),  Cabinet Secretariat  and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi.There is no Cabinet of Ministers in Government of Delhi, as Delhi is under  Presidents Rule.

The Path of Shelleys Winged Thoughts :: Writing Poetry Papers

The Path of Shelley's 'Winged Thoughts' Writing much of his poetry on the Continent, away from England where his readership lived, and dying only three years after the composition of much of his best work, Percy Bysshe Shelley had little control over the transmission of his poetry. At the time of its initial publication, â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† appeared as part of a larger volume, entitled Prometheus Unbound, also the name of its signature, featured poem which overshadowed â€Å"Ode to the West Wind.† Following Shelley’s untimely death, his wife, Mary Shelley, dedicated herself to organizing and publishing Shelley’s work, and is largely responsible for the transmission of Shelley’s work that occurred posthumously. Piecing together a publication and composition history is particularly befitting for Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"Ode to the West Wind,† for the theme of transmission of words and thoughts is interlaced conspicuously within the lines of the poem itself. In the final stanza of the poem, the poet beseeches the West Wind, a natural and divine life-force, to â€Å"Drive my dead thoughts over the universe/ Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!† (lines 63-64) Shelley continues to address transmission in the next tercet, writing â€Å"Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth,/ Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!† (lines 66-67). These imperatives contain Shelley’s lofty expectations for the dissemination of his words; however, when the actual path his words followed is studied, great disparity emerges between the ways in which Shelley envisioned his poem entering the world, and the way it actually reached an audience. While today â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† is widely known, and respected as one of Shelley’s best poems, during the few years the poem and poet lived simultaneously, Shelley’s visions for the transmission of â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† were limited, and boasted no divine intervention. Shelley’s notebooks and preserved manuscripts provide much information about the composition history behind ‘Ode to the West Wind.† In mid-October, 1819, Shelley walked along the river Arno, located near Florence, watched the autumn wind rustle and sweep the leaves strewn about the ground, and drew inspiration for the composition of â€Å"Ode to the West Wind.† Shelley’s own note included with the published version of the poem states, â€Å"This poem was conceived†¦one a day when that tempestuous wind, whose temperature is at once mild and animating, was collecting the vapours which pour down the autumnal rains.† (Wu, 859) His notebooks show the meticulous level of observation with which Shelley studied this scene; one page of preliminary notes contains a drawing of a

Moshe Dayan Research :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Moshe Dayan was an Israeli military warrior who became a crusader for peace. He was skilled in both battle and diplomacy. He played a key role in four wars, but also helped negotiate the historic Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty.† â€Å"Moshe Dayan was a Soldier and statesman who led Israel to dramatic victories over its Arab neighbours and became a symbol of security to his countrymen.† Moshe Dayan was born in a kibbutz, in a town called Deganya Alef (Alef is the name for the letter A in Hebrew) in Palestine, then still part of the Ottoman Empire May 20th, 1915. His parents were Shmuel and Devorah, and he was the first child born in the newly-established community. When he was only 14 he joined the Haganah. (The Haganah (In Hebrew: "Defense") was a Zionist military organization in Palestine). He was very influenced by military techniques and teachings officer Orde Wingate gave Moshe. Afterwards he went to Bulgaria where he graduated from the military academy. This is a picture of Moshe’s Birthplace. He was once arrested by the British, (when the Haganah was declared illegal), but released after two years when the British cooperated with them during World War II. While he was serving on the Australian 7th Infantry Division, Dayan lost his left eye and began wearing the eyepatch that became his trademark, and later Dayan received the â€Å"Distinguished Service Order†, one of the highest military honors. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Dayan occupied various positions of importance, first as the commander of many military units on the central front. Later he was he became the prime minister’s protà ©gà ©, together with Shimon Peres (the future Prime Minister). After the 1948 war, Dayan’s ranking rose very fast. From 1955 to 1958 he was the Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Force, where he commanded the Israeli forces during the â€Å"Suez Crisis†. â€Å" In 1959, Dayan joined MAPAI, the leftist party in Israeli politics. Until 1964 he served as the minister of agriculture in Israel, and in 1967, Eshkol (current prime minister) decided to give him the position of Minister of Defense.†2 General Moshe Dayan (center), Chief of Staff General Yitschak Rabin (right) and General Uzi Narkiss (left), enter Old Jerusalem in 1967 Dayan was still the secretary of defense when the â€Å"Yom Kippur War† catastrophically began on October 6, 1973. He was in charge for military planning, and at first didn’t opt for a mobilization of the army, he said that he didn’t want Israel to appear as the aggressor, and that Israel could win the war even after an Arab attack.

Hydro electric in malaysia

Large or small hydropower, still far the most Important of the renewable energy for electrical power production worldwide, providing 19% of planet's electricity. However, hydropower on a small scale remains the most effective energy technologies to be considered for rural electrification In less develops country. The advantages of small hydro technology are the system can last for 50 years or more with less maintenance and also environmental friendly. Malaysian government has launched the Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP) In 2001, In order to motivate the IndependentPower Producer (IPP) in implementing the renewable energy projects in Malaysia. In 2009, there are 5 mini hydropower projects from 17 SREP participants, and one of them is Renewable Power Sdn. Bhd. This rnlnl hydro Is operating at Gadlng Reserve forest, Hulu Selangor with licensed capacity of 2. 2MW. The capital cost of this project is estimated to be paid off after 10 years generation. The barriers of this mini hyd ro are authority Issues, short-term profit minded and expensive transmission to the grid.Apart from these challenges, obviously mini hydropower is one of the most otential alternatives energy in Malaysia, suitable to the objective of Fifth Fuel Policy In Implementing renewable energy as one energy resource In Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates three hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,91 1 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak. Terengganu and Cameron Highlands hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams In operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants.

The History of Healthcare Informatics

The History Behind Nursing Informatics Jackie Bailey Colorado Christian University Prof. L. Rieg CIS312A: Final Paper September 26, 2012 The History Behind Nursing Informatics Nursing informatics (NI) has become a vital part of healthcare delivery and has become a defining factor in the selection, execution, and assessment of technology that supports safe, exceptional quality and patient-centered care. Nursing has become so uniform. The data in patient records has become a valuable resource and has improved assessments and overall patient care.Before the launch of nursing informatics throughout the second half of the 20th century there were not any real standards for language. The use of data restricted the function and effectiveness of any early informatics applications. Nurses began developing standardized language systems during the turn of the century. International collaborations involving different medical disciplines have led to the improvement of standards and have opened the door for strong and reliable information tools. Nurses have the ability to change and improve healthcare.They have the potential to change outcomes with the use of informatics. The use of this technology does require change; a change in the person, the institute, and the systems. Nurses are developing and applying informatics to find new knowledge and are improving the quality of care given on a global level (Edwards, H. 2011). Nurses have identified three important factors in nursing informatics: basic computer skills, informatics knowledge and information literacy (Thede, L. 2012). In the beginning there was Florence Nightingale.Not only did Nurse Nightingale pioneer the nursing profession she also started the first informatics in nursing. She stated ‘In an attempt to arrive at the truth, I have applied everywhere for information, but scarcely an instance have I been able to find hospital records fit for any purpose of comparison. If they could be obtained, they would enabl e us to decide many other questions besides the one alluded to? †¦if wisely used, these improved statistics would tell us more of the relative value of particular operations and modes of treatment than we have any means of obtaining at present.They would enable us, besides, to ascertain the influence of the hospital †¦ upon the general course of operations and diseases passing through its wards; and the truth thus ascertained would enable us to save life and suffering, and to improve the treatment and management of the sick †¦ . † (Florence Nightingale. Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). Nurse Nightingale began nursing informatics by introducing three health sciences into nursing: health services research, evidenced-based practice and informatics (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. (2008).She requested that clinical records be analyzed to assess and improve care and outcomes (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. (2008). She noticed the need for change before there really was a need for change. Her efforts brought about nursing informatics and the nursing profession became more modernized. Nearly 100 years later a woman by the name of Harriet Werley started to encourage the use and growth of informatics in the nursing profession (Murphy, J. 2010). In the late 1950’s she was the first nurse to participate in research in a hospital (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). She was asked to provide consultation for IBM on the possible use of computers in healthcare (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). Nurse Werley saw the benefits of computers used to store patient information and to improve patient care (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). She devised a minimum data set to be collected from every patient Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). In the 1970’s nursing informatics really began to bloom. The first records of the use of computers in the nursing field started to appear in professional and scholarly literature (Murphy, J. 2010).Nursing care plans b egan to focus on reducing the amount of documentation and keeping it as accurate and as detailed as possible (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). Another system focused on patient scheduling in a rehabilitation setting (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). Nurses at a California hosptial assisted in developing the first comprehensive hospital information system and helped integrat the system for nursing care planning, documentation, and feedback (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). They developed the standard care plans that are used throughout the world today (Ozbolt, J. G. Saba, V. K. 2008). Another big achievement of this decade was the introduction of the first commercial electronic medical record (Thede, L. 2012). This new system was patient-oriented and was implemented throughout the hospital (Thede, L. 2012). Nursing informatics really gained momentum in the 1980’s. The first national conference on computer technology and nursing was held (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008) . Scholarships and the first educational courses on Nursing Informatics were introduced into the nursing programs at Boston College, University of New York and University of Utah (Ozbolt, J.G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). The growing record of accomplishment allowed nurses to move into managerial roles (Edwards, H. 2011). By the mid ‘80’s, nearly three decades after Nurse Werley pushed for minimum data sets, was the idea finally embraced by nurse professionals (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). Four specific elements of the minimum data set became a standard for nursing care: nursing diagnosis, nursing intervention, nursing outcome and the intensity of the care provided (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). Beginning in the 1990’s a real change was noticed.The technological advances that had been made were astonishing (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). A new technology called the internet had been introduced allowing for worldwide communication of healthcare information (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). In 1994 the American Nurses Association published the first versions of the â€Å"Scope of Nursing Informatics Practice† and the â€Å"Standards of Nursing Informatics Practice†. In 1995, the American Nurses Credentialing Center started the basic certification in nursing informatics as an area of specialty practice (Ozbolt, J. G. Saba, V. K. 2008). Also in 1994, the American Nurses Association (ANA) published the first definition of nursing informatics: â€Å"Nursing Informatics is the specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science in identifying, collecting, processing, and managing data and information to support nursing practice, administration, education, research, and the expansion of nursing knowledge. † (Murphy, J. 2010). The International Classification of Nursing Practices was initiated by three nurses throughout the world (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008).The 1990’s were a big decade for the advancement of nursing informatics. The first journal pertaining to informatics in nursing was initiated and it was online. The Online Journal of Nursing Informatics hit the wires in 1996. This online publication focused, and still focuses on publishing peer-review articles, scientific papers, review articles, practice-based articles and data bases related to nursing informatics (McGonigle, D. , Seymour, R. , Englebardt, S. , Allen, M. , Chang, B. 2001). This journal is currently published with the amazing staff of one (McGonigle, D. , Seymour, R. Englebardt, S. , Allen, M. , Chang, B. 2001). In the 2000’s and today nursing has the tools and the terminology, which had taken years of development with the collaboration of numerous nursing professionals globally (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). A standardized language had been developed and nursing terminology and data standards were implemented mainstream (Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. 2008). In 2004 nursi ng informatics had blown up. Education had accelerated and nursing informatics had become a staple in healthcare. Knowledge discovery methods were the key in discovering risks in health.Nurses knew that the discovery of knowledge brings the responsibility of that knowledge and with this information nursing care is the best it has ever been (Murphy, J. 2010). In 2001 the definition of nursing informatics was expanded by the ANA. They described it as: A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, and knowledge in nursing practice. NI facilitates the integration of data, information, and knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers in their decision-making in all roles and settings.This support is accomplished through the use of information structures, information processes, and IT (Murphy, J. 2010). And in 2008, the current definition of nursing informatics was published. It was essenti ally the same as the first published definition in 1994, however, now includes the additional concept of wisdom. It reads â€Å"NI is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice. † (Murphy, J. 2010).Additionally, the ANA published three editions of Nursing Informatics Scope and Standards of Practice (ANA. 2008). We as nurses must remember that change is always a difficult thing to embrace. By studying information in an informatics prospective discover how to deliver care and support decisions more effectively and safely, with better outcomes for all constituencies. Informatics tools can support the translation of knowledge into practice, but changing the behavior of people, organizations, and systems requires collaboration across a range of disciplines.Nursing and healthcare will always be ever-changing. Change and collaborations for implementing c hange are fundamental in the education of nurses today. Today nurses are able to access new information and resources easier and faster than ever. Nurses are constantly being challenged to amalgamate new resources on a cognitive, psychomotor and executive level. Nurses of the future can learn technological skills and expand their knowledge and wisdom and can utilize the data.They are encouraging the changes to take place for the nursing practice and healthcare systems by learning, implementing and teaching. Change and evolution through informatics will only improve healthcare and will save more lives. Nursing informatics has become a well established specialty within the nursing field. Solid fundamentals have been laid out over the past 25 years and NI has become an essential part of healthcare delivery despite the many barriers yet to be overcome. It is influenced by environmental, political, economic and professional forces.The change that nurses are bringing are being influenced by new up-and-coming concepts of health and illness, advancements in the field of medical science, the patterns of diseases, demographics and an increasing ability to meet the needs of disease management and prevention as well as the needs of the patients and their families through the use of technology, knowledge and wisdom. As the specialty of nursing informatics continues to evolve new knowledge and technology will be available making the role of the nurse much more important and powerful and making the care and outcomes of each person served improved.It is how the nurse participates in saving a life; one step at a time. References Edwards, H. (2011). Nursing informatics: past, present and future. Retrieved from www. theconference. ca/nursing-informatics. Murphy, J. (2010). Nursing informatics: the intersection of nursing, computer, and information sciences. Nursing Economics, vol. 28, Iss. 3, 204-7, May/June 2010. Anthony J. Jannetti, Inc. Pitman, USA. Retrieved from http://ezpr oxy. ccu. edu/login? url=http://search. proquest. com/docview/577364695? accountid=10200. Ozbolt, J. G. , Saba, V. K. (2008). A brief history of nursing informatics in the United States of America.Mosby’s Nursing Consult. Vol. 56, Iss. 5, September 2008. American Nurses Association. (2008). Retrieved from: http://www. nursingworld. org/HomepageCategory/NursingInsider/Archive_1/2008NI/Jan08NI/RevisedNursingInformaticsPracticeScopeandStandardsofPractice. html. Thede, L. , (January 23, 2012) â€Å"Informatics: Where Is It? † OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 17 No. 1. McGonigle, D. , Seymour, R. , Englebardt, S. , Allen, M. , Chang, B. (March 1, 2001) â€Å"The Online Journal of Nursing Informatics (OJNI)† Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. 6 No. 2. CIS312A, Healthcare InformaticsStudent Self-Grading Grid for APA Format Instructions: Complete and submit this form with your final scholarly paper by the due date listed on the Due Dates page. E ach item in the category needs to be checked for compliance. Name:Jackie Bailey |Met/Not Met |Criteria | | |General | | |Margins, 1 in on all sides | |Entire document is double space | |M |Times New Roman, Font 12 is used for entire document | | |Text alignment – left & not justified (there will be an uneven right margin) | | |Paragraphs are indented ? nches | | |Spelling and grammar are correct | | |Paper is 3-5 pages, not including Title page and Reference page | | |Title page | |M |Title information is centered in the upper half of title page | |(section break not met, |Title of paper on first line; student name on second line; faculty name on 3rd line; course & course number on 4th | |couldn’t figure out how |line; date on 5th line | |to do it) |Running head is present [Running head: ALL CAPITAL TITLE] in header, left justified | | |Page number is in upper right hand (in the header box) | | |Title page and first page of body is separated by a section break | | |Bod y of document | | |Title is centered at the top of the first page of the body of document | | |Headings used, if appropriate (frequently this is very helpful) | | |An introductory/background paragraph begins the paper | | |All paragraphs have at least 2 sentences; no paragraphs longer than 2/3 of a page | |M |Paragraphs contain only one topic |(except page break) |Transition sentence at end of paragraph provides logical flow to next paragraph | | |All citations are in appropriate format | | |All citations in the body are also listed in the reference page | | |Short quotations (less than 40 words or 4 lines) have quotation marks and a page number in the in-text citation | | |Long quotes (>40 words or > 4 lines are typed in free standing block format with all lines at ? inch left indent of| | |paragraph and without quotation marks | | |quotes are enclosed in quotation marks | | |Body and Reference page are separated by a page break |Met/Not Met |Criteria | | |Mechanics of Writin g | | |Proper use of colons, commas, & semicolons | | |Spacing: one space after commas, semicolons, colons | | |Spacing: two spaces at the end of each sentence | | |Abbreviations: Use sparingly: first time in document name spelled out completely with abbreviations in parenthesis,| |M |abbreviation used after first time | | |Pronouns and possessive nouns are used correctly | | |Parallel structure present | | |Tense is consistent (doesn’t go from future, to present, to past tense) | | Numbers: Numbers that begin sentence are spelled out; words are generally used to express numbers less than 10 | | |Reference Page | | |The word References is centered and at the top of page | | |Hanging indent is used for all references (not enter and tabbed in) | |M |All references are in the proper format (books, journals, web sites etc. ) | | |All references cited are also in the document | | |All references in the body are also in the reference list | | |References are in alphabetical order | CIS 312, Healthcare Informatics Final Scholarly Paper Grading Grid Scholarly Paper Grading Grid |Points Possible |Points Received | |Criteria | | | |APA & Word Formatting |45 | | |Paper set up using all principles of APA & Word (15) | | | |Title Page (5) | | | |Text Body (5) | | | |Reference Page (5) | | | |All references cited in the body were included in the reference page. No references were included | | | |in the reference page that were not cited in the body of the paper. | | |APA Grammar (15) | | | |Good principles of sentence structure, language, and writing mechanics were followed. | | | |Paper is 3-5 pages not including the Title Page and References Page | | | |Self Grading Form |10 | | |Paper was graded, using form.All items on form was accurately marked as met – or explanation | | | |given; Form was submitted with final paper | | | |Quality of References |25 | | |At least 6 references were used that came from scholarly journals or quality web sites, as | | | |iden tified in the CINAHL/web search activity | | | |Content & Clarity of writing style | | | |Content and flow of paper demonstrated good writing principles; changes, based on faculty feedback | | | |from preliminary outline were included. | | |Introduction to topic was compelling (20) | | | |Body included major points (35) | | | |Summary helped the reader understand the importance and essence of the topic (15) | | | | | | | | |70 | | |TOTAL POINTS

Automobile and Traditional Porsche Customer Essay

1/ Analyze the buyer decision process of a traditional Porsche customer. The buyer decision process of a traditional Porsche customer is different from the others like it have his own way because they don’t go through all the five stages like it`s normally done. They skip most of the process and jump right into the purchase decision. Porsche customers do not need recognition, information search and evaluation of alternatives. They make their purchase based on their wants, the brand and how the car is made. The cars unique and often dangerous characteristics and the brands appeal to a very narrow segment of financially successful people are some of the reasons Porsche’s customers are drawn into them. Porsche customers purchase their cars for pure enjoyment and they are not moved by the information but by feelings. 2/ Contrast the traditional Porsche customer decision process to the decision process for a Cayenne or a Panamera customer. Cayenne and Panamera customer’s decision process differs from the decision process of traditional Porsche customer because Cayenne and Panamera customers are more versed in their decision making as they go through almost all of the stages of the decision process. They recognize their need of having a larger vehicle that can seat more than two people. They are also interested and search for more information of the Cayenne and Panamera before their purchase decision. These customers are different as these particular customers have moved into different stages of life and need a larger vehicle to accommodate their needs but still have the drive as a Porsche since they still were fast just like their coupe counterparts. On the other hand, traditional Porsche customers skip most of the decision process and jumps right into the purchase decision. 4/ They develop a personal relationship with their cars, one that has more to do with the way the car sounds, vibrates, and feels, rather than the how many cup holders it has or how much cargo it can hold in the trunk. They admire their Porsche because it is a competent performance machine without being flashy or phony. People buy Porsches because they enjoy driving. If all they needed was something to get them from point A to point B, they could find something much less expensive. And while many Porsche owners are car enthusiasts, some of them are not. by making whatever they can to satisfy the costumers and provide it needs as possible as it can be. 5/ understanding Porsche buyers is still a difficult task. But a former CEO of Porsche summed it up this way: â€Å"If you really want to understand our customers, you have to understand the phrase, ‘If I were going to be a car, I’d be a Porsche. ’†