Domestic Violence Against Indigenous Women - 947 Words

In the article â€Å"Domestic violence against indigenous women is everybody’s problem† domestic violence is depicted as a serious social problem that involves â€Å"unspeakable acts of violence† that leaves victims experiencing fear and despair (Taylor 2014). More specifically, the social construction of domestic violence will be discussed with an emphasis on Aboriginal women and a typology of intimate partner violence. The social construction of domestic violence has serious implications for victims of domestic abuse because there is a failure to address the processes that perpetuate the violence. Instead, domestic violence is addressed through the illusion of social support. What is evident is that domestic violence is a social problem that requires comprehensive services, particularly for indigenous women, to address the complexity of the interaction between the individual’s social location and the causes that lead to the violence. The article constructs domestic violence as an issue of gender, race and socioeconomic status. Women are identified as the â€Å"majority† of victims (Taylor 2014). Consequently, the article conceptually represents domestic violence as events of intimate terrorism where one partner violently terrorizes the other partner to gain complete control over the relationship, which is entirely perpetrated by men (Johnson 2012). With that said, Johnson (2012) points out that majority of domestic violence is situational couple violence, where both the man and theShow MoreRelatedColonialism And Sexual Violence Against Indigenous Women851 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Violence Against Indigenous Women In American Culture our idea of Native Culture is one that is still very much rooted in the past. Each Halloween we’re sold the same archaic views of Native American women. The shelves are stocked with costumes printed with slogans such as â€Å"Sexy Savage† and â€Å"Tribal Temptation†, which sell sexualized exotic views of Native women. We may see these costumes as just that, costumes; however these costumes have a very real effect on how men view Native women todayRead MoreSilent Crying And Tears : Never Given A Thought1213 Words   |  5 PagesSilent screams and tears: Never given a thought ` I feel sorry for never reporting the domestic abuse to the police. Rape, violence, confinement, threats with weapons, death threats, stealing and destruction of property. I think he would be in jail for a long time if I had reported him. But I think it s too late. There is no proof other than the little bit of pain left in my heart from the years I wasted with a monster, caged in an abusive relationship.† (Jeanne) Jeanne wasted her five years ofRead MoreViolence Against Racialized Groups, Women, And The Lgbt Community863 Words   |  4 Pageswill be violence. 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Good morning everyone. Victoria’s CSA chief statistician Fiona Dowsley states domestic violence reports in Victoria have topped 70,000 cases in the last year. With these results it would be assumed that they would be directly related to women. Since the recent illegalisation of domestic violence results show that women and children aren’t the only victims. Domestic violenceRead MoreFeminism Is An Effective Ideology Within Politics1104 Words   |  5 Pagesbehind it play a large role in this issue. Before the feminist movement, women were pretty much considered second class citizens. Feminism is more than just angry, male hating women protesting. Feminism is about change, equality and opportunity for women of all races and age. There are many reasons as to why feminism has been an effective ideology within politics. Because of feminism and the women s work movement, more women than ever before have been given the opportunity to make a difference inRead More The Effectiveness of Amnesty International1143 Words   |  5 PagesBenenson himself regards the issue of [a]ny person who is physically restrained (by imprisonment or otherwise) from expressing (in any form of words or symbols) any opinion which he honestly holds and which does not advocate or condone personal violence. We also exclude those people who have conspired with a foreig n government to overthrow their own. A group of scholars and activists such as Eric Baker launched the campaign called Appeal for Amnesty 1961. It was not until 1962 that the campaignRead MoreThe World Health Organization Defines Violence Against Women1307 Words   |  6 Pagesdefines violence against women as â€Å"any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life† (2014). Aboriginal women are three times more likely to experience physical abuse than non-Aboriginal women, and this was found to be true regardless of whether the offense was spousal or non-spousal violence (BrownridgeRead MoreThe Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 20071626 Words   |  7 Pagesrecommended that Indigenous child sexual abuse in the Northern Territory should be designated as an issue of urgent national significance (Altman, 2007). The recommendations also stated that it is critical that both the Australian and Northern Territory governments commit to genuine consultation with Indigenous people when designing initiatives for their communities (Hunter, 2008). Within a week of the report’s release in 2007, the Federal Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs,

What People Really Care About Buying - 1730 Words

American society in twenty-first century is centered around the ideology of consumerism. â€Å"Supposedly people had a duty to buy more, even if the events they experienced caused them to focus on personal, family, and political concerns rather than economic ones† (Milner 603). With the age of consumption, there comes a need for social distinction. Social distinction is the desire to be strikingly different from the commonplace. This desire is prevalent throughout society, especially in the youth. Social distinction comes from the possession of the latest and most prominent commodity in fashion and technology. Products from companies such as Apple, Beats by Dre, Nike, and even Disneyland Parks are indications of one s desire to be unique.†¦show more content†¦The advertisement contrasts the different lifestyles of celebrities with each other and consumers, plays the â€Å"Something New† theme song, and variates the colors used to strengthen its argument against the idea of social distinction. Beats by Dre’s advertisement is centered on the idea that each person is as much as an individual as they are connected to one another. In Beats by Dre’s new advertising campaign, the company challenges the notion of social distinction by contrasting celebrities with consumers. It attempts to convince consumers that the Solo2 is a symbol of individuality as much as it is a representation of a connection shared by millions of people across the globe. In the first scene we see Kendall and Kylie Jenner, two famous television personalities and socialites, dancing around a luxurious suite. The only product that can be identified in the scene is the Beats Solo2. Through Kendall and Kylie Jenner, Beats by Dre targets the youth, male and female alike, who are engrossed with pop culture icons. In the next scene we see two teenagers loitering around on a rooftop. The two are having fun on their bikes and listening to music through their Solo2sâ⠂¬â„¢. The normal teenager appeals to the everyday consumer because it gives them someone to relate to. Beats by Dre’s tagline for the Solo2 is, â€Å" The Beats Solo2 is the world’s best-selling headphone. They’re a symbol of individuality as much as they represent a

Early Childhood Education-Observation Study-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Education and Care: Observation Study. Answer: The observations are about learning, not just about doing or recording, as the activities included various methods including narrative dramatic play activity observation, environmental and social activities observation. The selected child for the observation is 8 years old Essie Breeds from the Teresa Child Enrichment Center of Sydney, Australia. The date for the observation was 1st October, 2017. The observer learned through anecdotal recording, event sampling and time sampling during the observation. The observer observed the childs activities during various learning through playing segments in the child care center. The observer concentrated on the chosen childs competencies while dealing with various activities throughout the day. Without any analytic interpretation the observer objectively observed and recorded the events and the childs expressions of thoughts and actions. Observation 1: Creative Learning The observer was engaged in the time sampling method in order to observe the development of Essie. The children were given a coloring activity at the art center around 10.30 am. The observer asked to draw only a yellow car. Essie was drawing a yellow car but she chose other colors like green and blue to draw the background. The observer asked her Why did you paint green and blue in the background? Essie answered Blue is the sky and green is the tree behind our garage. The observer told her that now she will be going to the play area. Immediately Essie leaves the art area without organizing the color box and closing the color book. She did not finish the drawing either as she more focused on background and surrounding than the car, despite the observers instruction to organize things before leaving. Observation 2: Book Reading At 11 o clock the observer guided the children to the library area. At the library Essie was taking books from the book self and looking for something but looks dissatisfied and returned them on the racks but not in the prior orderly fashion. The observer asked Essie What are you looking for? Essie unmindfully replied Where are the pictures of the tortoise? The observer asked Which tortoise? Then Essie looked at the observer and seems irritated and answered The tortoise that I saw yesterday. The observer asked Where did you keep the book yesterday? Essie thought for a while and answered I dont remember. The observer found a picture book of The Tortoise and the hare and Essie seems happy. Before giving the book observer told her You will keep the book here. Essie nodded her head and took the book the observer asked What did you say who helps you? Essie smiles and says Thank you. After seeing the book she kept it in the instructed place. Observation 3: Playing with Objects At the play area the observer asked everyone to build something from the Lego blocks. Essie took some puzzle blocks but did not start making anything for a long time and kept observing others. She holds the puzzle piece, took them close and observed them for a while but could not understand as she throws the puzzle pieces away. Then she picked some Lego blocks but the observer asks to leave the blocks. Then the observer asks the children to describe what they built. When Essies chance came she stood up but replied A house. The observer asks her to show that to others, but she kept her head down and said with apologetic tone I could not finish. The observer noticed that Essie was struggling to choose words to explain other things but was struggling with words as she was stuttering in inaudible words. One child laughed so she looks up at other children and was about to cry but the observer told her that it was okay she could sit down. She sat down quietly. Observation 4: Language Development The observer engaged Essie in two parts of language development activities; first the observer gave Essie 20 nouns and asks her to remember them and gave her 20 pictures of similar objects like bed, pillow. The observer asked Can you tell me which is what? Essie correctly answered 18 out of 20 as she altered two words. The next time the observer gave her another 19 nouns and another 20 pictures like tree, house. After identifying 19 items she took the left wooden abstract figure and calls it A man. The picture of a man and the word were in the previous vocabulary exercise. Observation 5: Socio Dramatic Play In the dramatic play activity the children participated in an imaginary shopping mall and asked to play various roles as the grocers, buyers, mall employees. The dramatic play occurred inside the center at the play area on the same day at 14.30 pm to 16.30 pm. Essie entered the play area and directly went close to the center behind a desk and it was clear that she was playing a vendor. She selected few toy vegetables and displayed them on the counter. Another child Toby approached her and wanted to take some vegetables from her as he also wants to be a vendor but not enough toy groceries left for him. Toby selected some toys from the counter and says I want these but Essie refused to give any to him by saying These are mine. Toby tried to grab some so Essie snatched and shouted No! Toby got frightened and left the place so does another kid Brian who came to play as a buyer. After they walked away, Essie seemed happy and was busy playing herself only. Toby went to the observer and ask s Why Essie has all the toys? How will I sell some if I dont have any? The observer approaches to Essie and asks Essie what is wrong? Essie answers I took these vegetables first so these are mine. The observer asks her to share some by saying Dont you think you should share some with Toby? He does not have any to play. Essie thought for a while, looked at other children who are busy playing except Toby. She called Toby, he came and she gave few toys to him. The observer took few photographs of the events while the children were engaged in various activities focusing on Essie. The drawing that Essie made is kept by the author as document sample; the verbal representation during the post play session is recorder by the observer in audio visual device. Through the observation the observer felt that the Essie demonstrates behavior that is the result of not following the procedures narrated by the instructors initially but after repeating it to her she follows them properly. The observer followed proper regulations while describing the tasks to the students. She did not intervene in the activities unless it was necessary or required. During the art class Essie did not respond to the observers instruction as she left the drawing books and materials unorganized. However she corrected this in the book reading activity where she organized the book in the right place. While dealing with the puzzle pieces Essie showed impatience and failing to compete with others made her frustrated. She developed the vocabulary easily and identified the pictures well. The observer feels that Essie should be provided with easier materials and tasks that are capable of encouraging her to express more actively.

William T. Sherman Essay Example For Students

William T. Sherman Essay William Tecumseh Sherman(1820 1891)A True American AchieverOne of the most colorful characters of the Civil War was a General named William T. Sherman. During the period of the war (1861-1865), General Sherman went full circle from being forced to retire on trumped up charges that he was insane, to becoming a key player in bringing this bloody war to a close. He entered the annals of military history as one of the greatest and most distinguished generals of all time. William T. Sherman was born to Charles N. Sherman and Mary Hoyt Sherman in Lancaster, Ohio, on February 8, 1820. General Sherman can trace his family history back to England. The Sherman family first came to the New World in 1634, settling in Boston, Massachusetts. Several family members achieved notorial prominence; including Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Daniel Sherman, who sat in the Connecticut General Assembly for 30 years. In addition, Shermans father became a state Supreme Court J udge in Ohio. We will write a custom essay on William T. Sherman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now William T. Sherman was once thrown from a horse as a young child and was not expected to live. In 1829, things would once again take a turn for the worse with the Sherman Family. Shermans father was away on the circuit when the elder Sherman took ill and died. No doubt this caused a problem for Mrs. Sherman to have to support 10 children. Family members and friends took all but the three youngest children to raise in their homes. A family of prominence took in Young William. Senator Thomas Ewing and his wife took in young William and treated him like their own son. Senator Ewing was the first Secretary of the Interior for the United States. It was Senator Ewings influence that helped William get into West Point in 1836. William graduated in 1840, 6th in his class. Sherman would later marry his stepsister Ellen Ewing on May 1, 1850, in the Blair House in Washington, D.C. Sherman and his wife would eventually have several children together, including a young son who died during the Civ il War, just as President Lincolns young son had died. One of Shermans sons became a Catholic priest at the urging of his mother who was a devout Catholic. General Sherman himself converted to Catholicism but never really accepted the religion as his own. In peacetime, Sherman was unsuccessful at several business attempts just like Ulysses S. Grant. Ironically it was the Civil War that distinguished them as historical immortals. Shermans early military career also saw much frustration. He was sent to California during the Gold Rush and had trouble keeping his men from deserting because they wanted to try to make a fortune by cashing in their gold. Shermans last job before the Civil War was the First Superintendent of Louisiana Military Institute (LMI), now known as Louisiana State University. Upon hearing the rhetoric of war and secession, Sherman became concerned. He dearly loved his life in the South but felt duty bound to the Constitution. When war was imminent William Sherman resigned his post at LMI and headed south. Sherman re-entered the army as a Colonel and on one occasion just prior to the onset of the War, Sherman went to Washington to meet his brother John who was the Senator from Ohio (and the sponsor of the Sherman Anti-Trust in later years). Senator Sherman took his brother to meet President Lincoln. After the meeting, William Sherman thought the President was unsuited for the job at hand, however, that belief would change in years to come. Sherman argued with his brother that you politicians have things in a helluva fix.Shortly after the War broke out, most newspapers predicted that the War would last no more than ninety days. In fact, in the early battles, civilians would come and picnic and watch the battles from a distance. This would change very soon. The so-called 90 day War was quickly becoming a bloody affair and not a Sunday picnic. In fact, it was General Sherman who proclaimed that this would most likely be a long and bloody war. It was those very words that would come back t o haunt him. During the Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Va., he remarked that the War was going to take some time to be over with and that there will be a great loss of life on both sides. These remarks had General McClellan declare Sherman to be insane and had him relieved of duty. During this time, Sherman was depressed and even contemplated suicide. Through his brother, the Senator, Sherman was able to re-enter the Army after Washington realized he wasnt insane after all and his predictions were becoming a reality. Sherman returned to the Army as a Brigadier General and he fought with General Ulysses S. Grant in the trans-Mississippi and during the siege of Vicksburg in 1863. Sherman went on to fight in Georgia and make his way to Atlanta where the beginning of his March to the Sea would take place thus expediting an end to the War. At this time, General Grant was brought to command the army of Potomac as General McClellan was relieved of his duty by President Lincoln. This would all be politicized in the near future during the next presidential election. Little did Sherman know how important a part he would play in getting President Lincoln re-elected. .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 , .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .postImageUrl , .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 , .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:hover , .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:visited , .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:active { border:0!important; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:active , .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9 .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u760a2c09604cec2214f2ff720646e7a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Change Affects Life EssayBefore the March to the Sea, General Sherman had to take Atlanta, which was no easy task. The city was heavily defended as Sherman set siege on the city and finally took control of Atlanta in October, 1864. Atlanta was considered the gateway to the south. Before Sherman went into Atlanta he reminisced about when he was a young budding army officer traveling south in 1844 (twenty years earlier). He stood there with his horse on top of the mountain overlooking the bustling town of Marthasville (now Atlanta). The young lieutenants dark eyes flashed with interest at the stories he heard of the towns drive and hustle. A sawmill, groups of stores, a railroad terminus were part of the emerging pattern by which Marthasville, linked to the sea. This area promised to dominate one of the most fertile areas of the south. In nearby Marietta rose the wooded slopes of Kennesaw Mountain. On horseback the young lieutenant climbed to the summit and gazed across fifteen miles of rolling country to Altoona. In the hour of sunset the sky grew streaked with red, as though a bloody hand moved behind the clouds. Who then could have understood that terrible prophecy? .Twenty years later, again facing towards Atlanta, Sherman remembered the images that had formed in his mind looking down from the summit of Kennesaw that summer day in 1844. (Royster, p. 167)Shermans military career would take a radical change. After conquering Atlanta in October of 1864, Shermans scheme was to gather rations and supplies and march in two columns to Savannah. He kept pushing to have his plan approved. He pleaded with General Grant to get President Lincoln to approve his plan. If you can whip Lee and I can march to the Atlantic, I think Uncle Abe will give us a twenty day leave of absence to see the young folk. (Davis, p. 22)Sherman was confident that he could make this march for several reasons. He was very familiar with the southern terrain, and rationalized that with most of the soldiers fighting in Virginia and Hoods army heading towards the Ohio River there would be very little resistance. Sherman explained to Grant that Georgia needed to have its roads, railroads and factories that made military supplies totally destroyed. I can make the march and make Georgia howl. (Miers, p. 23) Grant, although he trusted his friend Sherman, was hesitant to accept his plan. In fact, most politicians in Washington thought the plan was a disaster waiting to happen. After much thought and debate amongst his generals and cabinet, Lincoln approved the march to go on as Sherman proposed. Most present were stunned. Grant wired Sherman telling him of the Presid ents approval. Almost immediately Sherman severed the lone telegraph line so the march could not be rescinded. Sherman did state in his final telegraph to Grant that the march may not be war but rather statesmanship. If the North can march an army right through the South, it is proof positive that the North can prevailWhen we took Atlantathey were bound by every rule of civilized warfare, to commence a system that would make them feel the power of the government and cause them to succumb. (Memoirs, p 67) The reality of it was that there would be some atrocities to come as the large foraging army passed through the Georgia countryside; in numerous cases victimizing helpless civilians. As for the March to the Sea, there are several different viewpoints as to the purpose and manner of which it was conducted. As for General Sherman himself, it is often said that he was considered the first of the modern day military generals due to the fact that he was one of the first to realize that c ivilians were the backers of most war efforts. In order for him to achieve his goal of ending the war, he purposely made life miserable for the civilian population of Georgia. Shermans army foraged off of the land. Throughout the march, Shermans men destroyed railroads, factories, mills, foundries, warehouses, and other facilities and structures, which could have been used by the confederacy in support of the Rebel cause. A lot of these buildings were a legitimate military target, and the destruction was lawful. However, some of the federal soldiers, primarily the foragers and stragglers, also burned many other structures that were unauthorized to be destroyed; usually private homes and barns. This violated Shermans order of not destroying any private property. By destroying the war machine (factories, railroads, etc), Sherman was achieving his objective, to deprive the Rebel army of much needed supplies. In essence, Sherman was kicking the legs out from underneath the Rebel army wh ile General Grant opposed General Robert E. Lee in Virginia. This helped to expedite an end to this long and bloody war that was supposed to last for 90 days, and was now in its fourth year. Another viewpoint was that the march was totally lawless and without cause. Due to the fact that so much personal property was destroyed. The March to the Sea started in mid-November and ended in mid-December, 1864. It was the taking of Atlanta that helped Lincoln get re-elected. And now with the march ending in Savannah, Georgia right before Christmas, Sherman gave the North hope that the wars end was in sight. In fact, Sherman wired Lincoln and jokingly presented him the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift. Shermans primary and operational objectives were met in the March to the Sea which was to deprive the Confederacy of any portion of its territory that was used to produce or transport supplies. Shermans strategy combined with the lack of resistance resulted with very low loss of life for b oth sides. The war would last only a few more months and this was greatly due to the fact that general lees army in Virginia was unable to get supplies due to Shermans destruction of railroads, etc. Just prior to the closing of the war, Generals Sherman, Grant, Admiral Porter met with President Lincoln on a boat off of City Point, Virginia to plan the final assault and discuss terms of surrender for the Confederacy. Unlike four years before, Sherman was most impressed with President Lincoln. Not realizing this would be the last time he saw him, he came out of the meeting with great respect for the president. .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 , .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .postImageUrl , .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 , .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:hover , .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:visited , .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:active { border:0!important; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:active , .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85 .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10c95485383db382b2d5fe077c1ced85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Optical Distortion, Inc EssayUpon the wars end, Sherman gained extreme popularity among both political parties and was a hero for the North. Sherman went on to become the Secretary of War and has been given credit for coining the phrase, War is Hell in a famous speech given to the cadets at Westpoint. The general continued to gain notoriety after the war for his achievements much like Colin Powell was courted by both political parties to run for president. As mentioned earlier, with his disdain for politics, Sherman said If nominated, I will not run; if elected I will not serve. (Wheeler, p. 89)In later years even after his death, Sherman was admired and studied by many mi litary people all over the world. Sherman died in New York City in February of 1891. BIBLIOGRAPHYDavis, Burke. Shermans March. First Vintage Books. New York, NY: Random House. Ed, May 1988: p. 22. Miers, Earl Shenks. The General Who Marched to Hell. New York, NY: Dorsett Publishing Co, 1990: p. 23. Royster, Charles. The Destructive War. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY: 1991: p. 167. The Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. DaCapo Press, New York, NY: 1984: p. 67. Wheeler, Richard. Voices of the Civil War. Meridian, New York, NY: 1976: p. 89. Words/ Pages : 2,264 / 24

Definition Essay Sample on Love What Is for Me

Definition Essay Sample on Love What Is for Me What is love? Thousands and thousands of philosophers spent plenty of time on this subject, but none of them managed to give an acceptable response. Words appeared to be too primitive to explane this unique feeling. What I can say exactly is that every person understands the meaning of love in his or her individual way. And it is silly to generalize any of these meanings! For example the way I understand the role of love in my life is very original; however, anybody can say the same. By the way I dont believe in any tests in magazines because of their dull generalization. Were all different, our feelings are different, they cant be put in any restrictions. I remember somebody once said that people call LOVE two absolutely different feelings. Tears into a pillow, jealousy, conflicts all that means I want you belong only to me. But the right meaning of love is I want you to be happy! And if you think like that, there is  really no difference, whether you are together with your beloved or not. It is painful, oh yes! But such love is light.

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 13th Edition

How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 13th Edition At long last†¦ How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, 13th  Edition is on sale!! Since March of this year, LinkedIn seems to be making changes to its platform on a daily basis. I have been diligently editing my book as the changes roll in, and I finally feel comfortable enough, now that the major features seem to have settled, that I am â€Å"pulling the trigger† and publishing the 13th  Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. As I went through the process of creating this edition, I realized that there’s probably a different format that will be more easily kept current. I’ve decided this will be the FINAL version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile in its current form! So if you want a comprehensive, up-to-date LinkedIn resource for 2018, now’s the time to get it – for just $9.97! If you do choose to pick up a copy of my book, note that only the e-book has been updated. It is the ONLY book I know of on the market with all the latest images from the current LinkedIn platform. If you get the print version, there will be parts that are out of date, but you can subscribe at no extra cost to get the book in PDF format. that way you can refer to the PDF for anything you need. What’s in the Book? Here’s just a taste of what’s in the 13th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile: Revised images and instructions throughout to match LinkedIns new redesign Update on which features have really disappeared and which have moved Mobile-specific instructions Special advice from a past recruiter How to create an All-Star profile The new face of LinkedIn Jobs And more! Get KILLER LinkedIn Tips All in One Place Over the past six months, I have published multiple articles about the new LinkedIn. You could certainly take the time to read them all individually. Be warned, however, that some of the material in these articles is already outdated – and they do not cover everything that’s in the new edition of my book. Here’s where you can go to get a sense of just a few of the updates you’ll find in the 13th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile: Everything You Need to Know About the New LinkedIn Recommendations Section How to Find a Job Using LinkedIn How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Headline The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile – Part II From the Mouth of LinkedIn: 6 Things You Need to Know The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile – Part I But why go to six different places when you could get everything in one total package? Remember, this is the last year that How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile will exist in its current format. If you purchase the PDF, I’ll continue to provide you with updates until January 2019 if relevant changes occur on LinkedIn. After that, I’m scheming up something new! Also, starting a month from now, the PDF version of my book will NOT be available for sale for three months on my website. So now is the time to get the best, most up-to-date handbook that exists on writing a KILLER LinkedIn profile. I’m open to ideas for what to create next. If there’s anything you’d like to see for my next resource about LinkedIn, please share!

Picassos Three Dancers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Picassos Three Dancers - Research Paper Example The paper "Picasso’s Three Dancers" gives an interpretation of painting "Three Dancers" by Pablo Picasso. There was a concept he referred to as the sublime – an idea that remained just out of reach of definition and therefore could only be suggested, never represented. This element has also been referred to as the meaning of an image which these artists were trying to suggest was as much the result of the audience’s understanding of it as it was the result of the artist’s conception or his ability to transfer this into visual images. These ideas can be discovered in Picasso’s painting â€Å"The Three Dancers†. The title of the painting gives the first clue as to what the artist had in mind when creating this image - one expects to see three people clearly engaged in some form of fluid synchronized movement. Instead, one is confronted with hard lines, jagged angles and bold colors but no realistic forms, no easily understood movements. The Tat e Museum tells us, â€Å"The jagged forms of Three Dancers convey an explosion of energy. The image is laden with Picasso's personal recollections of a triangular affair, which resulted in the heart-broken suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Love, sex and death are linked in an ecstatic dance. The left-hand dancer in particular seems possessed by uncontrolled, Dionysian frenzy. Her face relates to a mask from Torres Strait, New Guinea, owned by the artist, and points to Picasso's association of 'primitive' forms with expressiveness and sexuality† (2004).

When and why does credibility become an issue in criminal cases Essay

When and why does credibility become an issue in criminal cases - Essay Example Different people have different credibility and therefore the experts involved in the case will determine extend or the trustworthiness of a witness. The witness to be approved for credibility can be approached from different ways. One is that the person may be approached by an individual expert who will determine the trustworthiness of the person. The other one and the most effective one is whereby a group of experts approach a witness to determine the trustworthiness of his evidence. When the source of information is credible it becomes easy and firmer to make decisions. Some general characteristics of a credible person are unselfish, caring, fair, experienced, qualified and trustworthy. People who are charismatic become more than credible since they are extroverted, composed and also sociable. It is not always guaranteed that an expert will be competent with witness. If he becomes competent depending on the context then it will be quick and accurate to make fair decisions. There a re different aspects of life which require credibility. These vary from marketing to other things like criminal cases. In criminal cases credibility has become one such aspect which sees to it that there is fair judgment in all what happens in the process of the cases. One aspect which is very important to get from the witness is credibility. There are many things which may influence a person’s credibility and they vary from one person to another. Things that influence a person’s credibility Social influence This occurs when external factors intervene and change or control you. This may be in effect to your thoughts, feelings or actions which will be affected extrinsically by people. Social influence takes into consideration many forms like socialization, peer pressure, obedience, persuasion and even leadership. This is technically and widely discussed in social psychology. A person may be influenced socially due to the minority influence. This happens when the majorit y is influenced to accept the beliefs of the person in the case or the group. This mostly happens through informational social influence. When many people take a certain direction then it is psychological that you will be confronted to take the same direction. Many will always feel that the majority group is the right one and they will therefore act in favor of the majority leading to poor credibility (Garvev, 2003). Also when the group acting is perprating and consistent, then this may influence your credibility. The stronger the social influence then the more it will affect your personal credibility. Despite this you can take your own personal stand and believe by what you know, saw or were involved in rather than relying on what you hear from other people. You can also use your own understanding of a situation or a given scenario to extent your credibility. Therefore credibility should be effective when it is internalized rather than externalized (Foot, 1973). Personal stand Your personal stand plays a key role in determining your trustworthiness in a given scenario. You should have your own personal stand rather than the group or majority stand. This may be achieved by believing in what you know and doing thorough research. You ought to follow some rules like I know because I know. A personal stand if publicized may have a lot of impact on your credibility (Brain, 2011). Behavior One of the things that may make control of your credibility is behavior. Your behavior will be determined more by obedience. Human beings will always behave differently in

Piper Aircraft v Reyno Essay Example for Free

Piper Aircraft v Reyno Essay Facts: A small airplane crashed in Scotland killing several Scottish citizens. The respondents who are Scottish and who are the representatives of the estates of the citizens and residents who were killed in the crash filed suit for wrongful death in United States Federal District Court in California. The forum was later transferred to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania upon motion of the petitioner. It appears that the aircraft was manufactured in Pennsylvania by petitioner Piper Aircraft Co. Â  The propellers were manufactured in Ohio by petitioner Hartzell Propeller, Inc. At the time of the accident the aircraft was registered in Great Britain and was owned and maintained by Air Navigation and Trading Co. , Ltd and was operated by McDonald Aviation, Ltd. , a Scottish air taxi service. Both Air Navigation and McDonald were organized in the United Kingdom. Petitioners filed a motion to dismiss on the ground of forum non conveniens. After finding that an alternative forum exists in Scotland, the District Court granted the motion and dismissed the complaint. The United States Court of Appeals reversed the district court’s decision on the ground that the dismissal of the suit is automatically barred when the law of the alternative forum is less favorable to the plaintiff than the law of the forum chosen by the plaintiff. Issue: whether the district court abused its discretion in granting the petitioner’s motion to dismiss on the ground of forum non convenience Ruling. No. The district court did not abuse its discretion in granting the petitioner’s motion to dismiss. Thus, judgment of the United States Court of Appeals was reversed. Rationale: It is well-settled that a claim will be dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens if the amount of burden and difficulty to the defendant is out of proportion to the convenience of the plaintiff. The dismissal of a suit will not ordinarily be denied on the simple reason that the forum is less favorable to the plaintiff In dismissing a case for forum non convenience several factors are considered because they affect the conduct of the trial. These factors are: a) the access to sources of proof and evidence; b) the availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling witnesses, c) the cost of obtaining attendance of willing witnesses; d) the possibility of viewing of premises; In this case, the factors heavily favor Scotland because the wreckage of the airplane is in Scotland and all of the witnesses to the crash are also in Scotland. Also, the deceased were all Scottish. Scotland has a strong interest in hearing this case since the incident happened in its airspace. On the other hand, the disadvantage that will result to plaintiff if this suit will be brought in the United States is insignificant considering that the interest of the United States in the suit is not sufficient enough to justify the amount of time and expenses that will be wasted if the suit will be filed in the United States

Relationships and Setting in Willa Cathers O Pioneers! Essay -- Cathe

Relationships and Setting in Willa Cather's O Pioneers! O Pioneers!(1993) by Willa Cather begins on a blustery winter day, in the town of Hanover, Nebraska, sometime between 1883 and 1890. The narrator introduces four main character: the very young Emil Bergson; his older sister, Alexandra; her friend Carl Linstrum; and a little girl, Marie Shabata. Alexandra's father, John Bergson, is dying. He tells his two oldest sons, Lou and Oscar, that he is leaving the farmland, and all of what he has accomplished, to their sister. Alexandra is a hard working young lady and will do anything to make her father proud. When the drought and depression struck three years later, Alexandra's determination to keep the farm allows her to persevere. Many families, including Carl Linstrum's, sell their farms and move away. However, Alexandra believes in the promise of the country and staying true to her father's word. She convinces her brothers to re-mortgage their farm and buy more land. She also convinces them to look for more innovative farming techniques. With the plot moving ahead very qu...

Anti Nature Concept by Nietzsche Essay

The name of Nietzsche occupies one of the leading places among the greatest philosophers till nowadays. His influences can be traced in postmodernism and existentialism. His theories and views are studied by scientists and students; his profound and sharp understanding of reality and human nature attract attention of numerous people all over the world. His most well-known theory is related to â€Å"Will of Power†. The notion of the superhuman – Uebermensh – as a key to understanding of the power, every human being is bearing inside, totally confronts the general philosophic approach , where all reasons and questions are investigated only the in the frames of sole truth. These ides are developed in his work â€Å"The Twilight of the Idols†, where the readers find Nietzsche’s strong confrontation of the Socrates’s approach of rationalism. His strongest critic of the Socrates’s views relates to lack of life appreciation and resistance of the human instincts, because he states, that â€Å"Resisting instincts is just a sickness and not at all a way back to virtue or happiness.† (Bailey 2002). Here we are coming closer to the major point of our research, namely to the understanding of morality. One of the most vital concepts of Nietzsche was his suggestion, that morality builds the serious obstacle for enjoying of most of life passions and desires, or how he formulated it – â€Å"morality as anti-nature†. In his work Morality as Anti-Nature Nietzsche is discussing the ways, how religion and morality, spread via religion, are able to change and suppress human nature. Nowadays a lot of people are living according to some biblical rules and precepts. During the times, when Nietzsche lived, the church was considered to be even a stronger mentor for most individuals, who made their choices and selected their life directions only based on the rules, preached by the priests. Nietzsche was absolutely against it; he insisted that religion did not consider the nature of humanity. According to the church all people were to fight against their bad sides, where according to Nietzsche all people were born initially good and they did not need the religious rules to follow them, but rather follow their own desires and  passions. The highest potential in development throughout the whole life can be reached, as Nietzsche stated, only with the help of inside passions, and never the ideals of church. T he church demanded from its followers to suppress all the passions in order to become real Christians. In this way the church was exchanging the natural passions of individuals with morality. The idea of free will was also understood by Nietzsche not in the way as it was presented by the church. The believers were supposed to follow all the God’s rules as he was the most powerful being, at the same time, they were to carry responsibility for their decisions and actions. â€Å"Today we no longer have any pity for the concept of â€Å"free will†: we know only too well what it really is — the foulest of all theologians’ artifices, aimed at making mankind â€Å"responsible† in their sense, that is, dependent upon them. Here I simply supply the psychology of all â€Å"making responsible.† (Bailey 2002). At this point Nietzsche used this theory for explaining his understanding of cause and effect. â€Å"The church’s use of counterfactual causality expands to an imaginary and false perception in the mind, and people ultimately jump to conclusions, giving all the credit to a higher form or being.† (Bailey 2002). Nietzsche a lso criticized the situation when instead of looking for plausible answers. The followers of the church just believed, that the word of God was the only true reason. Thus Christianity, as he wrote, was to bear the responsibility for making its followers closed minded and going against their nature. â€Å"He ultimately believed that religion creates a concept of anti-natural morality which damages our development as humans quite greatly, eventually ending our status and right as individuals once the church gets involved† (Jacobus 13). In Nietzsche’s eyes, it was an attempt to substitute all the intelligence and natural passions, human beings were possessing, with blind and poor spirituality. In this case, he stated, that those, who could invent all such spiritual and moral restrictions, were ill-willed and not able to control their own passions. They themselves were not inclined to further intellectual and moral development, thus they used morality as anti-nature to restrict other individuals in improvement of their lives. Only individuals, who are absolutely not under control of any morality, could be referred to as ideal human beings, because their actions and choices would be based purely upon their natural passions. Their judgments concerning right and wrong things would be under the influence of  their inside passion only. Overall, we have studied the key notions of the Nietzsche’s theory, related to the issues of morality, which according to him is the most serious obstacle in formation of li fe direction, based on the natural instincts and passions. On the one hand, he could be right saying that morality itself is certainly restraining the activities and decisions of people. However, on the other hand our ability to control our emotions and passions is the major feature, which defines us as human beings, not animals. Works cited Bailey, A. First Philosophy: Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy. Broadview Press. 2002 Jacobus L.A. A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2013 Hayman, R. Nietzsche: A Critical Life. Oxford University Press (New York), 1980.

My Family’s Immigration

Mountain was the name given to the united States by the people of China looking for new opportunities. The immigration story on my mother's side of the family begins with my great-grandfather's Journey to the United States in search for a better life for himself, his wife, and his four children. At this time, the majority of the population in China was living in poverty. Being able to come to America was the dream of many in the hopes they would be able to become wealthy.However, it was a rough start for my great-grandfather. The language barrier was a major obstacle and job options for foreigners were very limited; the only Job available to him was working at a Laundromat. 10 years later, my great-grandmother Joined him in the United States. Due to the difficulty of getting permission to come to the United States, and the fear of not being able to support them In the US, she was forced to leave her children behind in China: three daughters and one son.My great- grandmother was a ver y intelligent woman, and when she was finally able to contact her husband she settled in San Francisco, she was disappointed to discover him irking such a low paying Job. At her insistence, together, they decided to open a restaurant, and slowly their dreams of a new future began to emerge. My great- grandparent's worked tirelessly to keep their business running. Long hours were necessary to support not only themselves but also their children In China, who received the money they earned shipped overseas.Not wanting their kids to repeat to hard life they had, they were determined to give their children education. In this way, my grandmother was able to get college educated, which was very rare for women. In 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco. It sparked a series of fires that raged throughout the city for three days which left over half of San Franciscans population homeless but also destroyed office buildings that held the records and birth certificates of many Immigrants . With the loss of these records, officials asked immigrants to report their family's information.Like many other Chinese, my grandparent's slightly altered their family history. Instead to reporting they had three daughters and one son, they reported they had four sons. In the China, it was usually the men who came to the United States to work for a better living. By having extra birth certificates, my grandparent's were able to sell them to other Immigrants allowing them to come to America, which was very common at the time. Meanwhile, my grandparent's became married in China and using her college education, my grandmother became a professor.Then came the Cultural Revolution. This was an era in Chinese history where intellectuals were looked down upon and even persecuted. Since both my grandparent's were educated, when they gave birth to my mother and uncle they did want them to grow up being unfairly treated because of their Intellectual background. My grandparent's had hopes of moving to the United S Unnaturally, my great-grandparent's and already sold all to the birth certificates to other Chinese immigrants because they never intended to have their children come to America.In fact, they never planned to stay in America in the first place because they intended to move back to China after they saved up enough money. Unfortunately, my great-grandparent's never expected China to become communist country and by moving back they would be stripped of their freedom. At one point, my great-grandparent's missed their children so much that they wanted to see them, but because they were American citizens they could not set foot in China. Instead, my grandmother and my great-grandparent's decided to meet in Hong Kong.It was a huge risk for my grandmother to take because she was leaving China. During the Cultural Revolution, this was viewed as being unfaithful to Chinese government and the person could be subject to public humiliation. Red Guards Nevertheless, they we re reunited for a period of time. Knowing that there was the possibility that they would never see their daughter again after she returned to China, my great-grandparent's pleaded my grandmother to stay in Hong Kong. However, my grandmother knew by doing so she would be regarded as an anti- evolutionist, and her husband would be persecuted for her actions.Once again she was separated from her parent's. Years later, my mother knowing how much her mother wanted to be reunited with her parent's, studied hard to give her mother the chance to come to America. By succeeding academically, she was able to travel to the United States as a foreign college student at the age of 18. After graduating, she became a US citizen and filed the appropriate papers that allowed my grandmother to immigrate to the United States. At the age of 65, my grandmother's family was complete again.

Free Essays on U.S Involvement In The Vietnam War

"U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War " "No new taxes." This is a quote that most all of us remember from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. Howe ver, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast As... Free Essays on U.S Involvement In The Vietnam War Free Essays on U.S Involvement In The Vietnam War "U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War " "No new taxes." This is a quote that most all of us remember from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. Howe ver, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast As...

Bridge at Remagen in World War II

Bridge at Remagen in World War II The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen occurred on March 7-8, 1945, during the closing stages of World War II  (1939-1945). In early 1945, American forces pressed towards the west bank of the Rhine River during Operation Lumberjack. In response, German forces were ordered to destroy the bridges over the river. As the lead elements of the US 9th Armored Division approached Remagen, they found that the Ludendorff Bridge over the river was still standing. In a sharp fight, American forces succeeded in securing the span. The capture of the bridge gave the Allies a foothold on the eastern bank of the river and opened Germany to invasion. Fast Facts: Bridge at Remagen Conflict: World War II  (1939-1945)Dates: March 7-8, 1945Armies Commanders:AlliesLieutenant General Courtney HodgesMajor General John W. LeonardBrigadier General William M. HogeCombat Command B, 9th Armored DivisionGermansGeneral Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und TrachGeneral Otto HitzfeldLXVII Corps A Surprise Find In March 1945, with the bulge caused by the German Ardennes offensive effectively reduced, the US 1st Army launched Operation Lumberjack. Designed to reach the west bank of the Rhine, US troops quickly advanced on the cities of Cologne, Bonn, and Remagen. Unable to halt the Allied offensive, German troops began falling back as the fortifications in the region were penetrated. Though a withdrawal over the Rhine would have been prudent to allow German forces to regroup, Hitler demanded that every foot of territory be contested and that counterattacks be launched to regain what had been lost. This demand led to confusion along the front which was worsened by a series of changes in command an unit areas of responsibility. Aware that the Rhine posed the last major geographic obstacle to Allied troops as fighting moved east, Hitler ordered the bridges over the river destroyed (Map). On the morning of March 7, lead elements of the 27th Armored Infantry Battalion, Combat Command B, US 9th Armored Division reached the heights overlooking the town of Remagen. Looking down at the Rhine, they were stunned to find that the Ludendorff Bridge was still standing. Built during World War I, the railroad bridge remained intact with German forces retreating across its span. Initially, officers in the 27th began calling for artillery to drop the bridge and trap German forces on the west bank. Unable to secure artillery support, the 27th continued to observe the bridge. When word of the bridges status reached Brigadier General William Hoge, commanding Combat Command B, he issued orders for the 27th to advance into Remagen with support from the 14th Tank Battalion. Racing to the River As American troops entered into the town, they found little meaningful resistance as German doctrine called for rear areas to be defended by Volkssturm militia. Moving ahead, they found no major obstacles other than a machine gun nest overlooking the town square.  Quickly eliminating this with fire from M26 Pershing tanks, American forces raced forward as they expected the bridge to be blown by the Germans before it could be captured. These thoughts were reinforced when prisoners indicated that it was scheduled to be demolished at 4:00 PM. Already 3:15 PM, the 27th charged ahead to secure the bridge. As elements of Company A, led by Lieutenant Karl Timmermann, moved onto the bridges approaches, the Germans, led by Captain Willi Bratge, blew a 30-foot crater in the roadway with the goal of slowing the American advance. Reacting swiftly, engineers using tank dozers began filling the hole. Possessing around 500 poorly-trained and equipped men and 500  Volkssturm, Bratge had desired to blow the bridge earlier but had been unable to secure permission. With the Americans approaching, the majority of his  Volkssturm melted away leaving his remaining men largely clustered on the east bank of the river. Ludendorff Bridge and Erpeler Ley tunnel at Erpel (eastern side of the Rhine) – First U.S. Army men and equipment pour across the Remagen Bridge; two knocked out jeeps in foreground. Germany, March 11, 1945.   National Archives and Records Administration Storming the Bridge As Timmerman and his men began pressing forward, Bratge attempted to destroy the bridge. A massive explosion rocked the span, lifting it from its foundations. When the smoke settled, the bridge remained standing, though it had suffered some damage. Though many of the charges had detonated, others had not due to the actions of two Polish conscripts who had tampered with the fuses. As Timmermans men charged onto the span, Lieutenant Hugh Mott and Sergeants Eugene Dorland and John Reynolds climbed under the bridge to begin cutting the wires leading to the remaining German demolition charges. Reaching the bridge towers on the west bank, platoons stormed inside overwhelming the defenders. Having taken these vantage points, they provided covering fire for Timmerman and his men as they fought across the span. The first American to reach the east bank was Sergeant Alexander A. Drabik. As more men arrived, they moved to clear the tunnel and cliffs near the bridges eastern approaches. Securing a perimeter, they were reinforced during the evening. Pushing men and tanks across the Rhine, Hoge was able to secure the bridgehead giving the Allies a foothold on the east bank. The Ludendorff Bridge on March 17, 1945, approximately four hours before its collapse. National Archives and Records Administration Aftermath Dubbed the Miracle of Remagen, the capture of the Ludendorff Bridge opened the way for Allied troops to drive into the heart of Germany. Over 8,000 men crossed the bridge in the first twenty-four hours after its capture as engineers frantically worked to repair the span. Infuriated by its capture, Hitler swiftly ordered the trial and execution of the five officers assigned to its defense and destruction. Only Bratge survived as he had been captured by American forces before he could be arrested. Desperate to destroy the bridge, the Germans conducted air raids, V-2 rocket attacks, and frogman assaults against it. In addition, German forces launched a massive counterattack against the bridgehead with no success. As the Germans were attempting to strike the bridge, the 51st and 291st Engineer Battalions built pontoon and treadway bridges adjacent to the span. On March 17th, the bridge suddenly collapsed killing 28 and wounding 93 American engineers. Though it was lost, a substantial bridgehead had been built up which was supported by the pontoon bridges. The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge, along with Operation Varsity later that month, removed the Rhine as an obstacle to the Allied advance.

MSDS Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MSDS Project - Essay Example This is due to the then war’s intensity that saw even fertilizer plants used as explosive making centers to cater for more weaponry. This by employing Haber-Bosch process to get NH3 by combining N2 and H2 at high pressures, which were essential in making explosives (Libes 699). NH4NO3 is an essential component in the making of fertilizers and industrial explosives (Libes 699). Fertilizer in this case refers to an original or synthetic substance added in the soil to provide plants with the appropriate nutrients, hence enhance growth. Explosives refer to chemical substances that undergo certain process characterized by catastrophic release of energy, which in most cases results to destruction of something within the vicinity. In the case of NH4NO3, the substance is a strong oxidizer whereby in the presence of an ignition source, hot places or fumes will result to fire catastrophically thus cause destruction (Libes 699). It is also an odorless, crystalline and colorless substance soluble in both alcohol and water, which makes it an appropriate agent in making fertilizers (Ledgard 135). On heating at approximately 2100C, its liquid solution decomposes to NO or laughing gas (Ledgard 135). Despite numerous studies citing this compound is extremely explosive; its usage encompasses admixing with fuel oil, for instance, diesel or TNT. This implies one ought to be extra careful when both handling and preparing it. The latter is due hazardous due to inhaling of fumes, which are poisonous and might lead to serious complications. Based on current chemical studies, NH4NO3 compared to other substances does not have high levels of toxicity except when swallowed in large amounts by both humans and animals. This is especially through contaminated water or effluents that find their way into water sources unnoticed. Hence, implying it has a moderate toxicity though once swallowed the victim

Arguments for Assisted Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arguments for Assisted Suicide - Essay Example This becomes a less volatile terminology that can be discussed on terms that do not suggest sin, mental instability, and can call into question policies of illegality. A definition of voluntary euthanasia is that it â€Å"takes place when a patient who is dying or who is in intolerable pain asks someone to help him or her to die to avoid any further suffering† (Cleave, 2001, p. 22). Most cultures, including the Western culture, is very linguistically affected by how different terminologies are used to define a topic. However, the word euthanasia is more often associated with the act of putting down an animal, so therefore that term is also not sufficient for the discussion. Suicide and Culture The event in question concerns helping someone who for one reason or another has decided to end their life. The most basic reason for suicide, that an individual is miserable and decides to end a life that has become unbearable purely for reasons that are based upon how they feel within their life, is a type of suicide that cannot be socially supported in Western cultures. According to Barnes, Golden, and Peterson (2010), men complete suicide more often than women, Montana has a higher rate of suicide over New Jersey, and people in the Eastern European country of Belarus have a higher rate of suicide than the United States. China, on the other hand, has a much higher rate of completed suicide by women than men. Culture is highly relevant to the rate of suicide and more importantly, 60% of all suicides are attributed to depression. Attributing suicide to depression, however, is based upon theory rather than medical evaluation and is a culturally based... Once again, it is how the topic is discussed that frames the event, the language that is used in forming the concept that defines its presence within society. The association to depression, while a clinically evaluated disease, is still a disease that is assessed through a determination and is often undiagnosed previous to the event of suicide.     Therefore, the cultural assessment of suicide is that it occurs because individuals have been influenced by a feeling of despair that is caused by mental illness, therefore it cannot have been a decision made through sound and evaluative thinking. This social evaluation of suicide has influenced the way in which the choice to end one’s life because of terminal illness has been assessed. Society has yet to acknowledge the benefits of assisted suicide when the decision has been made to end one’s own suffering, but the event of suicide is best done under the care of a medical professional, or a friend who helps to ease the b urden of self inflicting the event of suicide. Finding a relatively painless way to die when life has become unbearable is not a right that has been given in the United States. Assisting someone else to die is considered murder and is a burden to anyone who agrees to provide that service. Dr. Jack Kevorkian  Dr. Jack Kevorkian is the most renowned physician to support assisted suicide. His beliefs extended to anyone who desired to end their own life. One of the more famous quotes from this doctor was simply that â€Å"dying is not a crime†.  

The Fall of the Roman Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Fall of the Roman Republic - Essay Example According to Polybius, a Greek aristocrat born in Achaea but banished to Rome, and source of the historical account in that city in the second century especially where the elites are concerned, the nobility of Rome put the greatest premium on courage. Although courage was as important is all other states as well, this was the most true in the Roman aristocracy value system. The emphasis on courage was illustrated most especially during the funeral rites of the deceased in which their acts of bravery would be eulogized. According to Polybius, a kin of the deceased would wear his mask, and some other men would wear masks of all the dead ancestors of the deceased. The relative wearing the mask of the deceased, dressed in robes preceded each by the symbol of the particular ancestor, would then deliver a speech glorifying his achievements, after which eulogies for each of the deceased ancestors would follow. These after-death honors given to deceased and his ancestors served to inspire th e young men in doing their best in their endeavors so as to earn the same honor in their deaths.

Communication Skills Required For Holistic Nursing Care Nursing Essay

Communication Skills Required For Holistic Nursing Care Nursing Essay The communication skills required for holistic nursing care of patients in adult nursing. The American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA) defines holistic nursing as all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal. Holistic nursing recognises that there is a connection between a persons mind, environment, culture, emotions and body. holistic nursing is not necessarily something that you do; it is an attitude, a philosophy and a way of being. American Holistic Nurses Association 1998. The Oxford online dictionary defines the word holistic as: medicine characterized by the treatment of the whole person, taking into account mental and social factors, rather than just the symptoms of a disease. Oxford Dictionary online 2010. There are two types of communication, verbal and non-verbal. Communication is the exchange of information, verbally or non-verbally. The Oxford dictionary defines the word communication as: the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Oxford Dictionary online 2010. verbal communication is speaking face to face to someone using words, sounds, speech and language. Verbal communication is separated into two types, public speaking and interpersonal communication. There are over 3000 languages spoken in the world and verbal communication is based largely on these as well as class, profession, age and social factors. some sources suggest that written communication is verbal as well as non-verbal. Non-verbal communication is email, letters, databases, social networking sites, text messaging as well as body language. Body language is an important means of communication, it includes gestures, eye contact, expressions and posture. How we communicate non-verbally is extremely important and sends strong messages as to whether you care and to what extent you are listening. We communicate this way by how we sit, the tone and pace of how we talk, how much personal space we use and the eye contact we make. There are five roles in non-verbal communication: Repetition the message we send can repeat the verbal message. Contradiction the message we send can contradict the verbal message. Substitution the message we send can be substituted by our body language. Complementing this adds to the verbal message e.g. a hug or a pat on the back. Accenting this underlines the message e.g. punching a wall or slamming a door. There are many barriers with communication such as: learning disabilities languages blindness/ deafness gender culture age professionalism the ability to digest information and bad news lost or incomplete records Language differences pose a large barrier in effective communication for nurses, although the option for a translator is often accessible, although it may not be readily at hand. There are also regional dialects that present barriers, for example, different regions refer to bodily parts and functions differently. Such as to pass urine may be commonly known as having a wee, taking a pee etc. Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011 Maintaining eye contact with someone who is blind or from a religion that doesnt allow this may also be a significant barrier. To overcome this you would need to ensure that the rest of your body language was correct and consistent. Asking questions that are open ended or asking the patient to repeat the question back would be the best way to ensure that the patient has clearly understood you and what information you are relaying to them. Another barrier may be if a patient had a learning disability and required a parent, guardian or advocate present. You need to ensure that you fully understand the disability your patient had and to what effect certain gestures may have, for example, eye contact with an autistic patient may be deemed aggressive. This is where a nurse needs to assess a patients holistic (or whole) needs, and what brings them to their care. A patient may have only been admitted with a knee injury but how was that injury sustained? This is were holistic nursing care is most important. A knee injury may not be a one off incident, it may be through lifestyle choices, e.g. are they sports fanatics, regular walkers etc. For a nurse to just assess that patients knee injury on face value may lead to the patient being readmitted with the same injury. Again, asking questions that require more than just a yes or no answer, these are called open questions, or asking the patient to non-verbally communicate how they sustained their illness or injury by filling out a questionnaire. The Nursing Times 2007 says that communicating correctly is a basic yet fundamental requirement of good nursing and the breakdown of communication can quickly ruin the already delicate nurse/patient relationship. Other barriers in nurse/patient communication is that nurses are often pushed for time, facing targets, have a lack of privacy or lack of training. This can often make holistic nursing impossible. The communication skills required for holistic nursing (given the correct conditions) are: having the correct patient information. Observe a patients body language. Maintain eye contact where possible. Listen properly. Avoid difficult to understand medical terminology. Be emotionally prepared. Be honest, empathise and show compassion. There has been extensive research into effective communication with patients Dougherty and Lister 2007 highlighted the importance of providing patients with the correct information, communicated in the correct way aided the patient to a quicker recovery. An article in the Nursing Times 2007 by Hamilton. S.J et al highlights a framework of communication skills effective in holistic nursing called the five Is. INTERACT with the patient. Establish the INTENTION of the interaction. Decide on the INTERVENTION to be used. Assess the IMPACT of the interventions. Evaluate the IMPLICATIONS of the subsequent information obtained and act accordingly. In order to get the patient to express their fears and anxieties a nurse needs to display strong and confident non-verbal communication skills and talk to the patient not at them, seeking as much information as possible. Most communication barriers can be overcome if the nurse (or any individual) is ready to try. Repeat open questions, make time for the patient and complete all patient notes thoroughly and to a Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011 standard that complies with NMC guidelines. Also remembering that a patients needs may change often but the level of communication should remain the same. On my placement I realised just how effective holistic nursing can be given the time and location. I observed a drug counsellor attempting to discuss a patients rehabilitation and how they intended to take it forward and at what pace and level. The drug counsellor had to find out if what type of drugs the patient was using, how often and were there any underlying physical or emotional reasons why the patient was a drug user. The patient was very withdrawn and didnt appear interested. The counsellor repeatedly asked him questions but the patient stared at his feet and didnt answer. He became noticeably agitated and his body language appeared to become aggressive (he folded his arms). The counsellor suggested they took a break and had a cup of tea. During the break the counsellor asked some indirect questions about the weather etc., I noticed the patient started to relax and build a rapport with the counsellor, this I feel was the counsellor gaining knowledge of the patients whole being not just his drug problem (this is a strong example of holistic care in an adult medical setting). On returning to the treatment room the patient seemed more relaxed and began to answer the counsellors questions whilst maintaining a good verbal and non-verbal communication. This was the first barrier I noticed being over come the second was the patients inability to read and complete a questionnaire. The counsellor sat and read the questions to the patient and then asked the patient to repeat the questions before answering them, ensuring that he had understood what she was asking. Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011

Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf :: Whos Afraid Virginia Woolf Essays

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf For this book talk, I read an Edward Albee's play, "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf." I saw the movie version of this book, which I found excellent, so it inspired me to read the book. The book begins when George, who is an associate professor of a New England college, and Martha, who is the daughter of the college professor comes home after a faculty party. Although it is well after midnight and they are heavily drunk, Martha invites another couple, Nick who is a new and young professor in the college, and his wife Honey. The two couples continue drinking at the living room of George and Martha's house, and Martha starts complaining about George. She reveals George's failure to advance in the college even if he has an advantage as the son-in-law of the president. George tries to revenge by telling Martha's weaknesses to the guests, and the fight becomes impossible to stop making the new couple who tries to stay detached also become caught up in it. As the fight goes on and they become more drunk, Martha comes to mention about George and she's imaginary son, who has been a secret between them and a forbidden topic to tell others. Nick also tells their painful secret that he married Honey because she thought she was pregnant but that it turned out to be false. When everyone is tired and humiliated as a result, George, who was very angry about Martha's mentioning his son to the guests, he decides to tell something that will change their lives forever as a final revenge, and then the party comes to an end. The main theme of the book is the sadness and difficulties of the adult life. In the story, George and Martha cannot have a child because either of them is impotent, so they had to make up an imaginary son. Here's a quotation about their son form Martha. QUOTATION(p219) Martha's this description about him shows how much they cared for him and wanted the real one. Furthermore, they constantly fight with each other for trivial subjects even though they really want to communicate more seriously and understand deeper. The difference between their view of life also worsens their marriage because Martha always expects George to be more ambitious while George does not

Representations of China in the Movie the Forbidden Kingdom Essay

The Forbidden Kingdom (Rob Minkoff, 2008)[1] is an American martial arts adventure film co-starred by Jackie Chan and Jet Li. The film tells the story of a Boston boy Jason, who is a big kung fu fan, is given the mission, as a traveler, of returning the staff to the Monkey King so as to free him from the statue in which he has been trapped by the Jade Warlord. With the help of Jackie Chan and Jet Li, Jason not only fulfills his mission in the end by defeating the Jade Warlord, but also masters kung fu and develops to a brave and responsible man. The movie was successful and popular, attracting large audience[2], due to the reason, as far as I see it, that it meets the Western audience’s expectation of China. The movie is full of stereotypes of China and Chinese, reflecting the orientalism’s attitudes from the West, especially from America (both written and directed by Americans) in this case. Orientalism, as studied in Edward Said’s book Orientalism (1978), is an academic term used to â€Å"describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries†[3], later adopted by America after the WWâ… ¡.In such a man-made theory, East is depicted as a less-civilized, exotic, brutal and inferior entity to the West, and â€Å"†¦the West is not only deï ¬ ned as the diametrical opposite of the East, but also as its protector and its carer† (Khatib, 2006: 64). What’s more, to the West that the â€Å"†¦Orient is something to be feared or controlled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Khatib, 2006: 65). All these ideas of Orientalism can be sensed or found in the movie The Forbidden Kingdom, which makes this movie a advocator of American Orientalism towards China. The movie begins with a dim, disorganized pawn shop owned by a shaky, weak and old Chinese man Hop, who clings tightly to his money and sells kung fu DVDs to Jason, the boy who is treated and bullied like an alien by his peers because of his enthusiasm towards kung fu. Hop is later attacked by the bullies who forces Jason to lead them to steal money from him. This opening of the story sets the main attitude about China by showing the typical stereotype that white people hold towards Chinese: a totally different Other, whose living style (the messy shop) and traditions (kung fu) are far beyond the understandings of the West, also with the characteristics of being sickly weak and easy to attack or take advantage of, often become the target of violence. When Jason is sent to the ancient China to fulfill his mission, what he experiences also applies to the theory of Orientalism: exotic Chinese water-mountain sceneries, extraordinary and dazzling kung fu skills, brutal killing by the army, vicious women (White-haired Witch), wicked Jade Warlord with darkened eye shadow, submissive women (concubines of Jade Warlord) etc. All of these images give audience an impression that China is an exotic yet less civilized territory, waiting to have her destiny changed by this American boy. As a result, the dominant power over the East (China) of America is subsequently delivered by the screenwriter, i.e. the chaos brought by the Jade Warlord is going to be ceased by the Traveler Jason, rather than someone from China herself, for example, the supreme power of the Heaven, the Emperor. Such plot indicates the attitude that the East (China) is unable to be independent; she needs the West (America) to dominate and have authority over her. The fear of the East from the West can also be easily detected in this movie. The Heaven is temporarily given by the Emperor to the Jade Warlord to govern, which means the whole china is under his control. But his power grows so fast and powerful that, according the American screenwriter, someone from the West needs to suppress this evil rise, and this time, Jason again, the ultimate messenger in this movie to carry out the American’s will in Orientalism. Being far away from China, western people get images of China mainly from what is available in the media. However, what is presented is only small or even misleading information about China. Although Orientalism is viewed as â€Å"false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the (Middle) East†[4], it is still applied in media and proved by Western governments nowadays in order to remain the power over the East in spheres of politics, economy and culture. We should hold an alert and critical attitude towards such information, trying to go beyond what is presented, so as to get to know the real image of the East.

Why Was Stalin Able to Become Leader of Russia by 1926?

Why was Stalin able to become leader of Russia by 1926? (7) In January 1924, Lenin, the Leader of the Russian communist party died. Trotsky, the leader of the Red army seemed like Lenin’s successor at the time as he played a major role in the civil war. Meanwhile, Stalin held two positions: People’s commissar for Nationalities (responsible for the different nationalities in the Soviet empire) and General Secretary (responsible for the day to day running of the party. He was also a member of the Politburo, the party leaders who ran the country after Lenin’s death.They consist of Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. As Lenin’s funeral was organized by Stalin since he was regarded as the party’s administrator because of his position as General Secretary, Stalin was able to deliver the oration. This enabled him to portray himself as the chief mourner, and heir to Lenin. Stalin also telegrammed Trotsky the wrong date. Many saw Trotsky’s absent as disrespect for Lenin who had assumed a God-like status so his reputation was damaged. As a result, Lenin’s funeral gained Stalin support and made Trotsky unpopular, contributing to his success in being the leader of Russia.Apart from that, the fact that the Politburo decided not to publish Lenin’s Testament which contains criticisms of them also contributes to Stalin’s success. This is because in his testament, Lenin had wanted Stalin removed from his position. Members of the party may not have supported Stalin if they had read the testament containing criticisms of him. They would probably support Lenin’s desire for Stalin to be removed from his position. Apart from enabling Stalin to gain support during Lenin’s funeral, his position as General Secretary also contributes to his success in becoming Russia’s leader in many ways.As it enabled him to access personal files of party members, Stalin gained information wh ich he could use against his rivals. Furthermore, it also gave him the right to appoint new party members so he appointed his supporters. During Lenin Enrolment between 1923-5, over half a million new members joined the party as it gave them privileges. This made them loyal to Stalin as he had allowed them into the party. New members could easily identify with Stalin because of his humble, peasant background and support for Stalin grew. On the other hand, Trotsky was unpopular.He came from a wealthy Jewish background and had a late conversion to Bolshevism. He was an intellectual who appeared arrogant. He also did not cultivate support but worked alone. This could be because of his poor judgment regarding other people. Trotsky also believed in the ‘Permanent Revolution’ but in contrast, Stalin promoted ‘Socialism in one country’. Many feared that Trotsky’s idea of world revolution would ruin Russia so support increased for Stalin. In 1924, Trotsky sa id the party’s bureaucracy was too big and was working for its own benefit.He was isolated by Stalin as Stalin had joined with Zinoviev and Kamenev to form the ‘Triumvirate’. This happened before Lenin’s death and the aim of this alliance is to prevent Trotsky from being the next party leader. They campaigned against Trotsky by publishing his disagreement s with Lenin during 1903-7. They also used Stalin’s position as General Secretary and the 1921 ban against factions to remove Trotsky’s supporters from their influential positions. This led to Trotsky being constantly isolated and outvoted.In 1925, Trotsky was forced to resign from his position of Commissar for War. Stalin, as a member of the ‘Triumvirate’ has partly defeated the Left Opposition. However, In April 1926, Zinoviev and Kamenev realized that Stalin is exploiting his position as he used it to appoint his supporters into the party. They joined forces with Trotsky to f orm the United Opposition. They planned to restore Party and Soviet democracy and end the NEP (New Economic Policy). They were defeated in 1926 at the central committee meeting because Stalin called in his support and banned them from speaking.He also used his control of Party Congresses and elections to outvote them. They worked secretly but were then accused of factionalism (breaking the party) and were expelled from the party. The United Opposition was successfully defeated by Stalin and the party is now full of his supporters. As a conclusion, Stalin’s political schemes with the aid which his position as General Secretary offered enabled him to remove his rivals, gain support and power so he was able to become leader of Russia by 1926. Beatrice 11. 1

Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay Example

Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay Example Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay Seven Dimensions of Culture Essay In 1998, management consultants Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner published their â€Å"Seven Dimensions of Culture† model to help explain national cultural differences in organisations and to show how managing these differences in a heterogeneous business environment is a major challenge for international managers. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner gathered data over ten years using a method that relied on giving respondents dilemmas or contrasting tendencies. Each dilemma consisted of two alternatives that were interpreted as indicators for basic attitudes and values. The questionnaire was sent to over 15,000 managers in 28 countries. At least 500 usable responses per country were received, enabling the two authors to make substantiated distinctions between national cultures. The two consultants distinguished seven connected processes formulated as dilemmas. A culture distinguishes itself from others by ‘preferring’ one side of a dilemma’s continuum. The seven, universal dimensions of cultures are: 1. UNIVERSALISM versus PLURALISM â€Å"What is more important – rules or relationships? † The degree of importance a culture assigns to either the law or to personal relationships. In a universalistic culture, people share the belief that general rules, codes, values and standards take precedence over the needs and claims of friends and other relationships. In a pluralistic culture, people see culture in terms of human friendship and intimate relationships. While rules do exist in a pluralistic culture, they merely codify how people relate to one another. 2. INDIVIDUALISM versus COMMUNITARISNISM â€Å"Do we function as a group or as individuals? † The degree to which people see themselves function more as a community or more as individuals. In a principally individualistic culture, people place the individual before the community. This means that individual happiness, fulfilment and welfare prevails and people take their own initiative and take care of themselves. In a principally communitarian culture, people place the community before the individual. Thus, it is the responsibility of the individual to act in ways which serve society. In doing so, individual needs are automatically attended. 3. SPECIFIC versus DIFFUSE â€Å"How far to we get involved? † The degree to which responsibility is specifically assigned or is diffusely accepted. In a specific culture, people first analyse the elements individually and then put them together, the whole is the sum of its parts. People’s lives are divided accordingly and, only a single component can be entered at a time. Interactions between people are very well-defined. Specific individuals concentrate on hard facts, standards and contracts. A diffusely oriented culture starts with the whole and sees individual elements from the perspective of the total. All elements are related to one another. Relationships between elements are more important than individual elements. 4. AFFECTIVITY versus NEUTRALITY Do we display our emotions? † The degree to which individuals display their emotions. In an affective culture, people display their emotions and it is not deemed necessary to hide feelings. However, in a neutral culture, people are taught not to display their feelings overtly. The degree to which feelings become manifested is therefore minimal. While emotions are fel t, they are controlled. 5. INNER DIRECTED versus OUTER DIRECTED â€Å"Do we control our environment or work with it? † The degree to which individuals believe the environment can be controlled versus believing that the environment controls them. In an inner-directed culture, people have a mechanistic view of nature; nature is complex but can be controlled with the right expertise. People believe that humans can dominate nature, if they make the effort. In an outer-directed culture, people have an organic view of nature. Mankind is viewed as one of nature’s forces and should therefore live in harmony with the environment. People therefore adapt themselves to external circumstances. 6. ACHIEVED STATUS versus ASCRIBED STATUS â€Å"Do we have to prove ourselves to receive status or is it given to us? The degree to which individuals must prove themselves to receive status versus status simply given to them. In a culture with achieved status, people derive their status from what they have accomplished. Achieved status must be proven time and time again and status will be given accordingly. In a culture with ascribed status, people derive their status from birth, age, gender or wealth. Here status is not based on achievemen t but it is accorded on the basis of the person’s being. 7. SEQUENTIAL TIME versus SYNCHRONIC TIME â€Å"Do we do things one at a time or several things at once? The degree to which individuals do things one at a time versus several things at once. Cultures developed their own response to time. Time orientation has two aspects: the relative importance cultures assign to the past, present and future, and their approach to structuring time. In a sequential culture, people structure time sequentially and do things one at a time. In a synchronic time culture, people do several things at once, believing time is flexible and intangible. Past-oriented cultures A culture that is oriented towards the past views the future as a repetition of previous events and experiences. Characteristics include: respect for ancestors and collective historical events. Present-oriented cultures A culture primarily directed to the present does not attach great value to the past or future. Instead, individuals are directed by the daily demands of every day life. Future-oriented cultures A culture concentrated on future prospects and does not deem the past as significant for future events. Planning is a major activity among individuals in this culture. The seven dilemmas help managers better understand the ‘other side’ e. g. when trying to make trans-national projects or mergers work. Better understanding reduces the number of cultural driven misunderstandings and conflicts thereby reducing coordination costs. The model helps marketers understand how consumers in different countries behave differently towards the same product. pros: Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner provided a tool to explain how national culture differs and how culture can be measured. Their research showed that cultural differences matter and that reconciling cultural differences can lead to competitive advantage to companies in consolidating / globalising industries. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s model gives employees who deal with cross-cultural relations a tool/context to better understand value sets and behaviours. Trompenaars’ research shows that the way business is conducted in one part of the world is different from the way it is done in another. Culture is an important aspect in doing international business. For example, Office Depot has learned that Japanese customers do not like to buy their supplies in large, well-stocked stores that offer discount prices. Japanese prefer stores where service is personal and are willing to pay higher prices for this. cons: The model fails to recognise the influence of personal characteristics on behaviour. The model distinguishes the differences between cultures, but does not provide recommendations on how to work with specific cultures. Additional dilemmas may be added to the seven original dimensions of culture. No assurance can be given that this list is complete. Trompenaars and others such as Hofstede emphasised that companies should acknowledge the differences between the cultures in which they operate. However, other authors including Ohmae (Borderless World) and Levitt (Globalisation of Markets) argue that national borders are diminishing and that the world should be seen as a whole and not made up of different countries with different cultures. Professor Trompenaars has studied how people in specific countries resolve dilemmas. After analyzing problem resolution behaviors, Dr. Trompenaars has identified 7 basic dimensions for culture. International trade consultants and lawyers consider these cultural dimensions when designing sales strategies where buyers and sellers originate from different cultures. This is particularly true for emerging markets unaccustomed to dealing with businesspersons from so-called more developed countries. Below is a brief summary of the seven cultural dimensions. Achievement vs. Ascription In an achievement culture, people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions. High achievers are given status in achievement-oriented countries including Austria, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Achievers must continue to prove their worth, as status is accorded based on their actions. In an ascription culture, status is attributed based on who or what a person is. This is based on age, gender and social connections. Individualism vs. Communitarianism People make their own decisions and achieve success alone in highly individualistic countries including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Emphasis is on personal responsibility and decision-making, and negotiations are made on the spot. Communitarianism is a culture like Japan that places the community before the individual. Success is achieved in groups, decisions are referred to committees and groups jointly assume responsibilities. Internal vs. External In an internalistic culture like the United States, people believe that what happens to them is their own doing. Many Asian countries have an external culture in which the environment shapes their destiny. Because they don’t believe they are in full control of their destinies, often externalistic people adapt to external circumstances. Neutral vs. Emotional In neutral cultures like Japan and the United Kingdom, emotions are held in check. People don’t show their feelings. In an emotional culture, feelings are expressed naturally and openly. People smile a great deal, talk loudly when excited and greet each other with enthusiasm. Mexico, Netherlands and Switzerland are high-emotion countries. Specific vs. Diffuse In what is called a specific culture, individuals are open to sharing a large public space with others and a small private space they guard closely and share with only friends and associates. Specific cultures like Austria, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States show a strong separation between work and private life. Invitations to public spaces are common. A diffuse culture features similarly sized public and private spaces. Like most introverts, diffuse culture people guard both spaces carefully, because entry into public space also affords entry into private space. China, Spain and Venezuela are examples of diffuse cultures where work and private life are closely linked but intensely protected. Time Orientation In sequential cultures like the United States, people tend to do one activity at a time. Appointments are strictly kept, with a strong preference for following plans. In synchronous cultures like France and Mexico, people usually do more than one activity at a time. Appointments are approximate, subject to change at any moment. Universalism vs. Particularism Universalistic countries focus more on formal rules than relationships. Nations characterized by high universalism believe that their ideas and practices can be applied worldwide without modification. Australia, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom are universalistic countries. America is also highly universalistic, which explains why U. S. multinationals repeatedly ignore relationships in a foreign culture. For example, Starbucks unsuccessfully launched its coffee shop in China’s Forbidden City while Germans rejected Wal-Mart’s standard big box stores. Particularistic countries place more emphasis on relationships than rules. Countries that practise high particularism include China, Indonesia and Venezuela. Particularistic peoples believe that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices are applied. Therefore, ideas and practices cannot be applied the same everywhere. References This article presents independent insights based on research from International Management, Culture, Strategy and Behavior (6th edition, Hodgetts-Luthans-DOH) and Trompenaars’s Seven Dimensions of Culture.